Fruit: classification of fruits and features of their structure

Of all the organs of plants, it is fruits by rightoccupy a leading place in their diversity. To understand this topic, we must first of all understand what features of the structure and principles are based on the classification of fruits and vegetables. Let's look at them in more detail.

Structure of the fruit

The fruit is a modified flower. As a result of the fusion of germ cells (gametes), a seed is formed. In the future, it will give rise to a future plant organism. But for its germination and development, nutrients and protection are needed. This function is performed by the pericarp. It consists of three layers: outer, middle and inner. Each of them has its own characteristics, depending on the type of fruit.

Fruits: classification of fruits

The principles underlying the classification are fairly simple: the number of seeds and the features of the pericarp layer are taken into account.

On the first sign, single-seeded and multi-seeded fruits are isolated. For example, plum and pear.

Classification of fruits by the second characteristic also involves two groups: juicy and dry.

Juicy fruits

Such parts of plants have found the widest application in human economic activity, since they possess valuable gastronomic qualities and are a real storehouse of vitamins and minerals.

Quince, apple, pear - this is all known fruits. Classification of fruits determines that they all have the same structure (they also include rowan). Outer-skiny layer, medium - fleshy, and internal is represented by rigid filmy chambers. And this type of fruit is called "apple".

Kostyanka received its name on the structure of the inner layer, represented by a bone. Peach, cherry plum, plum, cherry and other representatives of Rosaceae family have such fruits.

Classification of fruits determines the belongingtomato to berry. At first glance, there is nothing in common. However, let's remember its structure. Outer skin and medium juicy layers with a lot of small seeds ... The berries of gooseberries, currants and grapes are also arranged.

You can often hear the phrase "berry-raspberry". From the point of view of biology, it is completely untrue. In fact, it is a complex drupe, consisting of a large number of small fruit.

But a persimmon and a banana are peculiar berries.

Watermelon, well, who does not like its fruits? Classification of the fruits of this plant is ambiguous. There is an opinion that this is also a berry. However, together with a tavern, pumpkin and melons, the watermelon has a fruit of tukwu. The outer layer of such plants is very dense, with a characteristic pattern, often brightly colored.

Citrus plants can boast juicyflesh. It can be found in lemon, orange, mandarin. The same characteristic is the fruit of strawberries, in which a lot of dry fruit is deeply immersed in a fleshy overgrown floret.

If the fruits are fused together in the process of development, then the asplant is formed as in pineapple, hops or mulberries.

Dry fruits

Let's talk now about what dry fruits are. Classification of fruits suggests an additional division of this group into unfoldable and non-opening ones. Nut, a solid and lignified shell of which is securely protected by the seed, is only revealed with great effort. Similar to each other and non-opening seed and grain. Only in the first, the pericarp does not fuse with the seed, as in the case of a sunflower, while the second one does not. This is confirmed by seeds of cereal plants: rye, wheat, maize, barley, feather grass, bluegrass.

In contrast, the soybeans and beans themselves revealtheir valves when ripe. Precisely the same phenomenon occurs in the pod. His seeds are not on the leaves, but on the septum in the center of the fruit. A dry opening fruit, a little string that can be found in a shepherd's purse, is similar in structure, but smaller in size.

Easy to open and a box. And this can happen in several ways. In poppy seeds get to the outside through the denticles, which are at the top of the fruit. But the venomous bleached is opened by the lid.

Expanding fruits have a more perfect adaptation for spreading seeds in nature, which contributes to a better distribution of the species across the territory.

Classification of fruits: table

Name fruit	Type of fetus by structure pericarp	Type of fetus in count seed	Examples plants
An Apple	Juicy	Polyspermous	Quince, pear
Kostyanka	Juicy	Single-seeded	Cherries, plums
Berry	Juicy	Polyspermous	Bilberry, cranberries
Strawberry	Juicy	Polyspermous	Strawberries and strawberries
Complex drupe	Juicy	Polyspermous	Raspberry, blackberry
Bean	Dry	Polyspermous	Peas, beans
Pod	Dry	Polyspermous	Cabbage, radish
Zernovka	Dry	Single-seeded	Wheat, millet
Achene	Dry	Single-seeded	Calendula, turn
Nut	Dry	Single-seeded	Forest, walnut
Box	Dry	Polyspermous	Belem, poppy
Lionfish	Dry	Single-seeded	Elm, ash

Now you know what fruits are.