Structural diagrams of buildings and structures
Bearing elements of the structure in the complex formsystem. It is called the skeleton. This system must have sufficient strength and provide spatial stability and rigidity to the building. At the same time, the enclosing elements are designed to protect the structure from atmospheric and other physico-chemical negative effects. They must also have sufficient sound and heat insulation characteristics. According to the type of the bearing skeleton, structural schemes of buildings are classified. Further in the article we will consider them in more detail.
What are the structural schemes of buildings?
The structure may include support elements. Speech in this case is about frameless buildings.
There is another kind of structure. In them, all the loads are distributed to the column system (racks). These structures - frame buildings - also include horizontal elements. In particular, it is necessary to refer to them bolts, girders.
There are full and incomplete frame buildings. The constructive scheme in the first case assumes the presence of vertical elements both along the perimeter of the outer walls and inside the structure. In the second case, there are bearing outer walls and inner skeleton in the structure. Its columns replace the main walls inside.
Such structural schemes of buildings are used forabsence of significant dynamic loads. Skeletons with transverse and longitudinal - external and internal - bearing walls are presented in the form of boxes, in which spatial rigidity is provided by overlapping and vertical elements. They form stable vertical and horizontal diaphragms. The rigidity of such skeletons depends on how reliable the connection between the ceilings and walls, their strength.
Prefabricated buildings: classification
There is a division according to the characterworks. Constructive schemes of buildings may include beams and poles, connected by rigid nodes. They form longitudinal and transverse frames. Accordingly, such frames are called frame frames.
Nodes accept all horizontal and verticalload. Skeletons can be bonded. Unlike the previous ones, the nodes of such skeletons have less rigidity. Therefore, it is necessary to include additional connections for taking a horizontal load. As them, as a rule, overlap, forming the diaphragm. They transmit horizontal loads to elevator shafts, reinforced concrete partitions, walls on staircases and so on. Also in construction practice, combined frame type is used - frame-bonded. However, this option is not as common as the others. In this case, frames are placed in one direction, and connections are placed in the other.
Features of erection
Design schemes are quite popularcivil buildings with a bonded skeleton. As a material for the construction is reinforced concrete and steel. In low-rise construction often used brick or wood. Today, construction of structures from volumetric elements is quite widespread. In this case, the frame of the building is formed from box-shaped parts of factory production. Wireframe technology is generally used in the construction of high-rise large-panel public and residential buildings.
One-story buildings
Constructive schemes of industrial buildings suchtype include steel or reinforced concrete columns. Together with the supporting elements, they form transverse frames. In addition, various longitudinal components are used in the structures. Among them, in particular, include such elements as crane, strapping and transverse frames, trusses, as well as various connections. The latter impart both spatial stability and rigidity to the individual components and to the entire framework as a whole.
A certain distance is established between the columns. It is called a step in the longitudinal direction and a span in the transverse direction. The dimensions of these distances are usually called the grid of columns.
Such buildings consist of a steel or reinforced concrete frame and a covering and walls. The structure includes vertical elements - columns and horizontal - trusses, beams, crossbars.
The first and second components serve for stylingPlate coating and roof construction. Also on the beams and farms, if necessary, mount aeration and light lanterns. The skeleton takes all the external load from the coating and the weight of its structures, experiences a horizontal and vertical crane, as well as wind pressure acting on the walls. For agricultural buildings, as a rule, reinforced concrete elements are used. In industrial buildings with spans of 30 or more meters, the frame is combined: the farms use steel, and the columns - reinforced concrete.
Multi-storey buildings for industrial purposes
Such structures are widespread ininstrument-making, chemical, food, electrical and similar industries. The structure of the structure includes crossbars and columns. They form multi-tiered frames with rigid knots.
These elements are located across the structure. In the longitudinal direction, the rigidity of the structure is provided by steel ties. They are installed on all rows of columns in the center of the reinforcement compartments. The number of spans may vary: from 1 to 3-4, and in some cases even more. Their sizes are 12, 9 and 6 m.
The rafters overlap the upper floors,the width of which is 18 and 12 m. Also for these purposes, farms and slabs are used, similar to those in single-story buildings. The height of the floors can be 3.6-7.2 m with a gradation of every 0.6 m.
Multi-storey buildings for residential use
These buildings can be of three types: with load-bearing walls made of bricks, frame-and frameless-panel. The latter received special distribution. Spans in the building frames are 5.6 and 6 m in size. The distance (step) of the columns along the structure is 3.2 and 3.6 m. Depending on the purpose of the building, the height of the floor is established. For residential buildings and hotels - 2.8 m.
