The state structure is what? Signs of the state system. What is the national-state system

The state structure in our daysis a multi-faceted structure that is inextricably linked with the central authorities and internal administrative-territorial entities. Actually, the principles of interaction between the constituent units of the state and the center are the factor that determines the organizational form. The complexity of these relations, the degree of authority and sovereignty determines the nature of the country's governance. In the modern world, the organization of the state system is increasingly oriented towards democratic values. This is especially evident in the case of federal and national states, which take into account the interests of different groups of the population.

General concept of state structure

In the theory of state and law, there are severalapproaches to consideration of questions about the structure of the state. As a rule, most of the contradictions among specialists cause the definition of this institution in terms of specific forms - for example, federal or unitary. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that the state structure is a territorial structure within the country that determines its division into constituent parts, and also reveals the relationship between authorities. Classification of forms of the device is largely determined by the degree of sovereignty of individual entities within the state. There are several varieties of such forms, but a fundamental division can be traced between unitary and federal states. Also worth noting forms that do not belong to the state system. For example, in this regard, it is worth highlighting the interstate communities, unions and communities of individual states.

Unitary state

This form of the device is characterized by the fact thatits constituent formations, that is, administrative units have no signs of broad autonomy. Nevertheless, the complex form still provides the possibility of granting the formations with their own set of rights. We can say that the unitary state structure - is the organization structure of the country, in which all parts are included in one hierarchy, obedience to authority, but it does not have its own sovereignty. The simplest examples of this kind do not provide for administrative-territorial division as such. But this occurs infrequently - for example, in such small countries as Singapore and Malta. On the other hand, examples of countries with complex unitary form may include granting some autonomy constituent units, which can be territorial or extraterritorial. In the first case, for example, autonomy can extend to a separate region or locality, and in the second - include only people of a certain nationality.

Signs of a unitary device

As can be seen, unitary forms can have somedifferences, but to better understand this way of organizing the state should determine its characteristics. Thus, the unitary form of the state structure of countries is characterized by the following features:

• The authorities are formed in the form of a single system, oriented to submission to one center. In this case, the lawmaking body can have only a unicameral device.
• The state power is concentrated as a whole at the state level, and the country's compound entities do not have sovereignty, that is, they are not independent and subordinate to the center.
• Single citizenship.
• The system of lawmaking is represented by one level. At the same time, a single constitution operates throughout the country.

Regional Form

Before we proceed to considerationfederal state, it is worth highlighting a transitional form - a regional one. In this case, it is assumed that individual entities within the state may have autonomy, with broad powers. This in many respects ties this system with a federated device, but there are some differences. For example, a regional state system is a form of organization of a country in which its subjects are vested with broad rights, but nevertheless depend on the central authority. The latter aspect can be expressed in different ways. So, in some countries, only the Constitutional Court can make meaningful decisions in administrative-territorial entities. In the same way, control over the constituent parts of the state is carried out. In many cases, autonomy itself is only nominal. But, there are also reverse examples, where the regions are fully endowed with the opportunities to form local authorities, administrations, issue legislative acts, etc.

Federated State

Unlike the unitary form, the federationimplies the allocation of subjects of the state with a certain sovereignty, but in a limited form. This method of organization is also based on the distribution of management powers between regional entities and the center. By the nature of the formation of constituent parts, the federal state is divided into three categories:

• Administrative Federation. In this case, an administrative and state structure is envisaged, in which all its internal formations were formed on the basis of economic, historical, geographical and other features.
• National form of education. In such a federation, subjects are divided according to national-linguistic characteristics, which determine the peoples living on the territory of the country.
• Mixed federation. It is also called the national-territorial form, in which the formation of constituent parts occurs with an orientation to the territorial and national principles of separation.

Signs of a federative state

One of the main features of this form of deviceis the separation of the objects of authority and authority between the main source of power and the subjects of the federation. The next sign to some extent follows from the previous one - this is a two-level structure of government bodies. That is, the structure of state authorities in this case provides for a federal branch and a parliament of subjects that has the right to form a local administration. Also, a federal system can be distinguished by a two-level system of legislation. This means that the constitution and the legislative framework are both at the center level and at the entity level. In some cases, constituent units may establish local citizenship - along with the federal one.

Confederation

As already noted, if one strictly approachesinstitution of state structure, then the unions do not belong to the forms of its organization. Nevertheless, there are exceptions, in which a confederation can be included. In this case, the state system is a form of union of several countries, which is realized for achieving economic, political or other purposes. Actually, the basis for considering this form of government is the possibility of the union's transition to a federation. It should also take into account the likelihood of its disintegration into several unitary states. Forms of confederation are known from examples of the formation of statehood in Switzerland, Germany and the United States. At different times these countries represented unions, which later were transformed into a full-fledged state.

Signs of Confederation

In modern terms, confederative featuresstate system are quite diverse and often come into conflict with the real state of affairs. For example, the same Switzerland formally continues to be a confederation, and in fact has long been characterized by a federal system. One way or another, among the classic features of the confederation are the following:

• Each state that is part of the union can have its own armed forces and authorities. At the same time at the level of the center only the higher bodies are formed to coordinate the components.
• Domestic formations have sovereignty, which is expressed in the fullness of state power.
• All states that are part of the Union have their ownconstitution and legislative bodies, and at the highest level the general confederal constitution is adopted. However, there is no single legislative body at the union level.
• The citizenship of the confederation, as a rule, is not provided.
• Whenever one achieves his own goals, each state can voluntarily withdraw from the union.

What is the national state system?

The formation of statehood rarely occurswithout taking into account the peculiarities of national sovereignties of different nationalities living in the country. Such a way of organization can occur in a unitary and in a federal state. At the same time, the federal form of organization is the closest to the national-state structure, since it is more likely to presume the presence of many nations within the same country. That is, in order to understand what national-state structure is, one should focus on the multinationality of the community. As a rule, this is the name of the system of states in which citizens reside, representing different nationalities.

Political regime

Under the state modepolitical management is understood, expressed in the totality of methods, forms and methods of realizing relations in society. It can also be seen as a way of shaping and acting the political system. To date, such modes of government as democracy, authoritarianism and totalitarianism are relevant. Each of these regimes is characterized by its means of exercising power, the degree of involvement in the management of citizens, the attitude to legal foundations, etc. It is important to take into account that the elements of the formation of political governance within a particular regime can be based on different platforms, including sociological, institutional, as well as ideological order.

Forms of government

Another important element of the formstate is the mode of government. It is he who determines on what principles the authorities will be formed. For example, under the monarchy, the form of government, the state regime, the state structure and, in general, the organization of power are completely subordinated to the will of one person. And on the contrary, the republic provides for participation in the formation of the state and the system of government by the society and, in particular, every citizen. In extreme cases, such a right is vested in representative institutions, which, in turn, are responsible to civil society.

Conclusion

The Institute of State Power was formedmany centuries, but today one can not say that there are unequivocal approaches to the optimal organization of relations between the central government and regional actors. At the moment, the state structure of the state suggests several models, the main of which are unitary and federal forms. Each of them has its own characteristics, but there are many similar points. For example, the supreme body of legislation in both cases are the central authorities. At the same time, it can not be denied that the federation provides more opportunities for self-management of subjects within their jurisdiction.