Orthoepic dictionary - what is it?
As one movie heroine said: "A person is given two circumstances: if he incorrectly puts stresses in words ... and asks stupid questions." Unlike the false daughters of Professor Tikhomirov, ordinary people have nothing to pretend to be someone else, but the advice is not stupid. If you do not ask any kind of nonsense is not difficult, then it is often very difficult to pronounce words correctly even in your native language. Here, the orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language can come to the aid.
What is stress and why is it so important to put it right?
Before you learn more about the orthoepic dictionary, it's worth refreshing your knowledge about such a simple thing as stress. So, stress is a selection with the help of a voice of a certain syllable in a word.
Features of stress in Russian
In Russian, stress can fall absolutely on any part of the word.
Moreover, with the declension of the same wordby case, stress can fall on different syllables, which increases the chance to make mistakes in pronunciation not only for foreigners, but also for native speakers. In this connection, the main assistant of any person wishing to speak correctly is the orthoepic dictionary. Emphasis on how to put it in complex words, he will tell. For example, even Russians themselves very often mispronounce the well-known names of some food, clothing or abstract concepts. But in fact, the emphasis is placed in them as shown in the figure.
The science of orthoepy and orthoepic dictionary is what?
The study of stresses in words deals with scienceOrthoepy (the name is translated from Greek as "correct speech"). In addition to stress, this science deals with the study, regulation and establishment of orthoepic norms of literary speech.
All data on the correct pronunciation of words and word forms, linguistic scientists specializing in orthoepy, are entered into special dictionaries, which are called orphoepic.
Each language has its own orthoepic dictionary. This helps foreigners learning the language, to develop the correct pronunciation, and for native speakers to improve their own speech.
History of orthoepic dictionaries
Despite the fact that the science of orthoepia came fromAncient Greece, the Roman Empire, humanity should be grateful for the first orthoepic dictionary. The fact is that, conquering the next country and turning it into its province, the Romans declared the Latin language official, and the conquered people, willy-nilly, had to teach it. Over time, the provinces of Latin began to differ from the official, because it added the words of the local language of the conquered territory, and the pronunciation of Latin phrases strongly distorted. In order to somehow streamline the speech and reduce it to one norm, special directories began to be published in which the correct pronunciation of the most complex Latin words and phrases was recorded. These handbooks are considered the first orthoepic dictionaries in history.
With the collapse of the Roman Empire for the orthoepia cameHard times. Only in the XVI-XVII centuries in France began to gradually fight for the purity of speech. However, at that time information about the correct pronunciation of words was given in the form of additions to the grammar.
Later, by analogy with Roman handbooks, they began to publish and orthoepic phrase books, which gradually turned into dictionaries.
In the Russian Empire, the orthoepic normwas formed by the beginning of the 20th century. By that time, many linguistic scientists began to publish their own orthoepic dictionaries in order to streamline the Russian language.
With the development of radio and television began to publish special dictionaries for announcers and presenters, so that their speech was an example for listeners.
With the development of computer programs orthoepicdictionaries are gradually becoming remnants of the past. Since today, to find out where to put emphasis in a particular word, simply enter it into the online translator - and you can not only see where it is stressed, but also listen to the correct pronunciation recorded by the native speaker.
Types of orthoepic dictionaries
As you know, all dictionaries are divided into two types:
- Encyclopedic - contain information about different countries, phenomena, historical events and personalities and other.
- Linguistic - specialized dictionaries containing information about the word (its meaning, spelling, origin, translation, pronunciation, etc.). The orthoepic dictionary is a linguistic form.
To date, all orthoepic dictionaries are divided into two categories: paper and electronic.
We can distinguish two more separate species -what norm is described by this orthoepic dictionary. The pronunciation of dialect words of different regions is performed by orthoepic dictionaries of dialects. But how correctly to put stress according to the norms of literary speech, the second kind of dictionaries will be prompted, which everyone uses when they are trying to speak correctly.
Sometimes emphasize dictionaries of stresses by parts of speech. For example, the ortho-epic dictionary of verbs, the orthoepic dictionary of nouns, etc.
Paper orthoepic dictionaries
Everyone imagines what a paper orthoepic dictionary is. This is a regular book, in which the words are placed in alphabetical order and are indicated where they are stressed.
Electronic orthoepic dictionaries
Often paper editions of orthoepic dictionariesscanned and digitized. Thus, anyone can download the electronic version of the necessary orthoepic dictionary and use it, since paper editions are quite expensive, especially rare ones. Here only such scans are not electronic dictionaries.
An electronic orthoepic dictionary isa specialized program with automated search for words. To find out information about the required word, you need to run the program in the search box to enter the desired word, and then the system will find it.
Such orthoepic dictionaries are autonomous (all data is on the installation disc and for work the presence of the Internet is not necessary) and online (without the Internet do not work).
Ortho-epic dictionary of the Russian language: history
One of the most famous first orthoepicaldictionaries of the Russian language was the work of the famous Ukrainian linguist Ivan (Hilarion) Ohienko. In 1911 he published "Dictionary of stresses in Russian and the rules of Russian accent".
According to the traditional version, the storyorthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language begins in 1955, when the work of Ruben Avanesov and Sergei Ozhegov "Russian literary pronunciation and stress: a dictionary-reference book". A little less than 30 years later, the well-known "Orpheopic Dictionary" of Avanesov was published, which became a desktop tool for many.
In 1960, F. Ageyenko and M. Zarva released a specialized orthoepic dictionary for broadcasters and presenters on radio and television. The same authors in 1993 published an orthoepic dictionary of 76,000 words.
In the mid-80's in Minsk, "Dictionary of the stress of the Russian language" R. Khryslova. In the same period S. Borunova published her own orthoepic dictionary. This edition contained about 63.5 thousand words.
Since the beginning of the 2000s,Orphoepical publications are published. So, in 2000 the dictionary of Avanesov and Ozhegov was reissued. In the same year, M. Studiner published an orthoepic dictionary for 82.5 thousand words. In addition, the authors of T. Ivanov and T. Cherkasova published a specialized orthoepic reference book for broadcasters.
To date, more oftenspecialized brochures or publications containing complex accents in new words, rather than orthoepic dictionaries. In addition, many prefer to create orthoepic Internet services, because they are cheaper than publishing a book, and they are easier to maintain and edit.
If wise Romans at one time did not come up withorthoepic dictionary, it is not known, there would be different languages today in general. After all, without having a standard of correct pronunciation of the words of a certain language, in a few decades the inhabitants of different parts of one country would have ceased to understand each other. Like 2000 years ago, so today plays an important role orthoepic dictionary, being the standard of pure and beautiful speech.
