Cardinal numbers. Sentences with numerals
The Russian language is considered the most difficult of allexisting on the planet. It so happened that we are almost the only carriers of it. That is why it is necessary to comply with this proud title. Active learning begins in the school: in the primary classes, the alphabet is mastered, and in the older and middle links - more complex material, but even its good knowledge does not guarantee that you will be fluent in Russian.
What is language? Many will answer this question without hesitation: words. Although this is not entirely true, in part the answer to the question is correct. It is words that form the basis of our speech.
Parts of speech
As mentioned above, in Russian allwords are divided into classes, or parts of speech - independent and official. The first include all those that apart from the context matter: noun, verb, adjective. Numeral is also referred to this group. The second part - service, which includes particles, pretexts and so on. Precisely because the words denoting figures can be attributed to the first group, it is possible to determine the cases of quantitative numerals and the genus of ordinal ones.
What is a numeral
We know that there is such a part of speech asnumeral. What does it mean? In fact, everything is quite simple: from the name itself you can understand that these words are responsible for writing numbers and numbers with the help of Russian letters.
For example, the record "2" is a mathematical form,and "two" - numerals, written according to the rules of the Russian language. Many believe that this part of the speech is useless, because it is much more convenient to use Arabic or even Roman numerals, but since such a type of words exists, it means it is necessary. There are a number of opinions that numbers in mathematical form are also numerals. However, linguists consider this approach wrong, because figures are usually attributed to symbols and signs, not words, and numerals are by definition part of speech.
Types of numerals
Like any of the parts of speech in the Russian language, numerals have their ranks. At school, we were told only about two, but linguists singled out four. Let us examine them in detail.
- So, the first type is quantitative numerals. They answer the question: "How much?" For example: how many pears? how many guys? In other words, they denote the number of items that need to be counted. Among the signs they only have a case, that is, they have neither gender nor number. The only exception is the numerical numerals "two" and "one" - they have both a number and a case, but the words "two" and "one and a half" can be used also in different genera. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of numerals is mainly related to the use of a quantitative type.
- The second type includes such a group, othe existence of which can be heard quite rarely - these are collective numerals. For many, this name may seem rather unusual. In fact, collective numerals are a kind of quantitative. The only difference is that they mean "picking up a certain amount", which is why they were withdrawn into a separate group. Examples of such numerals are two words, three, five, and so on. One of the most important remarks is that this kind is not used with feminine nouns. You can not, for example, say "three women".
- The third kind includes ordinalnumerals. They are used to recalculate any objects and are written (read) as follows: first, second, tenth and so on. Ordinal and quantitative numerals can vary in case, and the ordinal form will always coincide with the form of the adjective, therefore some linguists attribute such numerals to this part of speech.
- The fourth group is fractional numerals. This kind always has a composite character, and when naming decimal fractions nouns "whole" and "zero" can be used. The endings of the numeral fractional form depend on the case in which they are located. Examples are words: three-fifths; zero point eight tenths.
Simple and compound forms
Ordinal and quantitative numerals canhave a simple and complex form. In the first case they consist of one word, and in the other - from several, including can include nouns. Fractional numerals always have a compound form. For example: four third (consists of two words). When using compound forms in different cases, many people often have difficulties. For example, try to put a numeral one hundred and eighty-four thousand seven hundred and fifty-one in the prepositional case. How to learn to do it immediately, will be written a little lower.
Examples of numerals in the text
The most vivid example of the use of these wordscan be considered fiction. Classics often used such words to denote numbers, which is why the use of numerals in novels and novels is quite widespread. In general, it is generally accepted to write all the letters in the narrative literature - this facilitates the perception of the artistic text and does not allow a person to switch from one type of information - textual - to another, in this case a numerical one.
In the literature, sentences with numerals canlook like this: "In the yard there were three buckets of earth" - this is an example of the use of a quantitative numeral. "Two hussars dashingly picked up the wounded and put it on a stretcher" - an expression using a collective form. It is rare to find fractional varieties. One such case is the well-known "nine and three-fourths" platform in the book "Harry Potter" by J. Rowling. Most of all we meet with the capital variant of the use of numbers, when we study at school. For example, in the textbook "Russian language. 6 class "Lodyzhenskaya has a lot of tasks containing written variations of various numbers, since it is the section" Morphology "that is given the most attention.
Numbers in the school curriculum
As mentioned above, the numerals are thoseparts of speech, in the characteristics and typology of which even diligent students get confused. This is because in the program on the subject "Russian Language" grade 6 is the only one where this part of the speech is studied in detail.
Correct use of the names of numerals
In general, the main difficulties, and not onlystudents, but also in most people, causes proper use of this part of speech. People simply do not know how the forms of numerals look. Therefore, let us examine in detail which endings have different digits of "uppercase" digits.
The simplest forms are quantitative numerals: words denoting numbers from five to twenty and thirty, in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have endings -and, but in the instrumental -Yu. Let us analyze the declination of the numerals"five". So, we shall decline by cases: five, five, five, five, five, five. In numbers from fifty to eighty and from two hundred to nine hundred, both parts of the word lean, for example: fifty, fifty, fifty, fifty, fifty, fifty. In the event that the numeral compound, each of the words is inclined separately.
As for ordinals,changing in numbers and genera, their ending is formed on the same principle as the relative adjectives. An important feature is that when declining over the case of a compound form, only the last word changes. For example, four thousand eight hundred ninety sixth, four thousand eight hundred ninety sixth, four thousand eight hundred ninety sixth, four thousand eight hundred ninety sixth, four thousand eight hundred ninety sixth, four thousand eight hundred ninety sixth.
Fractional numerals can be conditionally divided intotwo types: the numerator of the fraction is in quantitative form, and the denominator is in the ordinal form. Hence it follows that it is possible to change the fractional numerals by separately decreasing both words with respect to cases.
Remembering these simple rules, you can be sure of the correct use of any necessary forms. More clearly, information about the endings can be shown by a table of numerals.
Basic Errors
After a more detailed study of howNumbers are changed, it may seem that it is impossible to remember all this. In fact, there is nothing difficult and unusual here - it is enough to decline independently some composite forms, as soon as the principle becomes clear, then mistakes will disappear. It is noticed that people who more often use spoken words with numerals in colloquial speech make fewer mistakes in written speech when solving tests.
Based on all the same test results,It was found out that the main difficulties arise for respondents with changing words in case forms, which indicates that some percentage of the population of the country is illiterate. In oral tests, two-thirds of the interviewees had difficulty in pronouncing complex compound numerals, and the forms remained also incorrect.
Some tips for studying numerals
If there is a desire to study this part of the speechreally good and never have problems with her in life, you should act this way. The first step is to learn all the material that is required for mastering. You can stretch this process for several days using standard memory procedures: visual, auditory memory, as well as known techniques, for example, reading before going to bed. After a thorough study of the theory, one can proceed to practice. No, to sit behind books and to write dozens of pages with declinations of numerals it is not required (however, you can try - this operation is quite useful, though time-consuming). In fact, in our life all visible objects can be counted. Pay attention to how many cars passed by, or you can just read the inscriptions on the signs and watch the price tags in the shops - what are not the numerals? Further, using theoretical knowledge, it is recommended to produce in the mind declension by case. In about a week, the pronunciation of numerals will not be a problem at all. If this method is complicated, then there always remains the first option - to prescribe. Of course, each person is determined with the method of studying the material, selects the optimal method, but the methods given above allow us to master the technique of declination most quickly, and thus avoid the most common mistakes.
Numbers in the documentation
Surely many people filled out tax returns andother financial documents, where necessarily there is any amount. You probably noticed that the mathematical notation always (in parentheses or in a separate line) is written in words, that is, in a quantitative numeral. Why this demagogy? It is believed that this will protect against errors. If a person has an incomprehensible handwriting, he can write a number so that it can easily be confused with some other, and when the number is written in full, the probability of error is less.
Conclusion
So, now you know what are ordinal andquantitative numerals, as well as what other types exist. After reading this article, there should be no doubt about how to correctly use these words in their conversational and written speech. Of course, it will be necessary to make efforts for this, but the result will please you. Also it should be said that every citizen of our country is obliged to master his own language at the proper level. Of course, it's impossible to know Russian from cover to cover (well, there are no such people), but you still need to be able to speak correctly. At least for the people to understand the meaning of the statements, and you, having got into the "decent" society, did not feel embarrassed.
