What is an antonym and a synonym. Synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, their formation and use
The word is the basic unit of speech and is studiedin various departments of linguistics. So, the sound side of the word is studied in the Phonetics section. Here we consider the presence in the word of vowels, consonants, the number of stressed and unstressed syllables, etc. His belonging to one or another part of the speech is studied in the section Morphology. The role of the word in the sentence is treated in the syntax section. The meaning of the word, its meaning, the scope of its use, stylistic coloring, its historical origin is studied in the section Lexicology.
Lexical and grammatical meanings of wordsare interrelated. Therefore, when the lexical (or semantic) meaning of a word changes, its grammatical functions also change. Learn more about what an antonym and synonym, paronym, their features you can in the textbook on language. In this article we give brief information about these concepts.
What is the antonym and synonym
kind angry;
beautiful - terrible;
hot Cold;
ice - flame;
high Low;
polite - rude;
hatred is love;
labor is idleness;
war - peace;
winter - summer, etc.
In the examples given, the oppositevalue of quality, state in the properties of objects and phenomena. But it can not be said that in Russian all words have their own pair of antonyms. For example: nouns with a specific meaning - a wall, a table, a window - do not have a pair.
Antonyms can be:
- With different roots: war - peace, slow - fast, black - white.
- Rooted: honest - dishonest, high - not high.
- With prefixes "for-" and "from-", "for-" and "you-", having the opposite meaning: open - close, bury - dig.
The antonyms adorn the speech, make it bright andexpressive. Widely used by the antonyms in folklore, proverbs and sayings: "Is it close, whether high or low", in fiction: "Perhaps, all the misfortunes from the postal field, he was considered dead, and he came alive." (A. Tvardovsky).
The names of works sometimes consist of antonyms, "Domestic and wild animals"; "War and Peace", "Days and Nights".
Synonyms (from the Greek word synonymos - letters. the same name) - words that are close in meaning, differ in spelling and pronunciation, as well as in various shades. They are divided into ideographic (semantic) and stylistic.
Ideographic (also called semantic) synonyms
Compare: a big house, a huge house, a huge house.
It is clear that it is a question of a big house, but withevery word the shade changes. In the first word it is large, in the second it is already more than the first, and in the third it is more than the first and the second. As you can see, they have different spelling.
Words that are synonyms - anxiety, excitement, anxiety - share a common meaning: anxiety, lack of peace.
Stylistic synonyms
Such words are distinguished by stylistic nuances: finger-finger (verb); future-future (book) - advancing.
Appearance of synonyms:
- The similarity of objects and phenomena, the designation of their new word. For example: news, rumor, rumor, message, news.
- From the transition of the words of another language into Russian: the embryo is the embryo, the guide is the guide.
- From the obsolete words of poetic speech: finger - finger, man, eye - eye, shore - breg.
- From the common, colloquial, everyday, dialect speech and from stable phrases: the eyes are glazing, the ferocious is fierce.
- From different root words: blizzard, blizzard, snowstorm.
- From the terminological combinations of words: air fleet - aviation, dentist - dentist.
Several synonyms close in meaning form a synonymic series.
Synonyms of Russian play a big role inspeech. They help to convey the thought more clearly, avoid unnecessary repetitions, show different shades of words, phenomena, qualities. Widely used in artistic, scientific and colloquial speech: "I ducked such a hook, I went so far, I saw such a flour, and such knew the sadness." (A. Tvardovsky).
Now you have an idea of what an antonym and a synonym are. We pass to the paronyms.
Paronyms (Greek. para - near, ohyma - name) - words of one root, similar in sound, but having different meanings. Just like synonyms, antonyms, paronyms enrich speech, help accurately and correctly express a thought. With them create a lot of puns. For example: "One day the brass tumbler, taz-kuya, said to his wife, longing: let's ask the children to wear me, and I will disperse the longing!". A similar consonance, but a completely different meaning of words gives a vivid verbal game.
Paronyms can differ in suffixes: poika - watering, boiled - boiled. Have consonant consoles: drove - drove up.
Practice!
Before you picture. Let's call it "The Miracles of Nature". Indeed, an amazing combination of ice, snow with the flames of the setting sun. Try using antonyms and synonyms to compose a beautiful text. Make a syntactic analysis of sentences, see what members of the proposal they can be.
To know what an antonym and a synonym is, a parony,the ability to use them, decorate them with emotional artistic, scientific, colloquial speech gives you ample opportunities. They are a very interesting feature of any language.
