Domestic policy and foreign policy of Alexander 3. Short description, table

"Peacemaker" - so characterized the boardAlexander 3. Domestic and foreign policy was brilliantly conducted by this sovereign. He was not trained in the heirs of the throne, but by coincidence of tragic circumstances Alexander had to become one. He who loves his native land, who cares for his people, his originality, he managed to raise the state, exhausted by the war with the Turks, financially and morally. This is one of the few sovereigns who managed to ensure their people's lives without wars, because for his rule the Russian Empire had no conflicts with any of the states. In the article we will tell you what kind of emperor Alexander was. 3. Internal and foreign policies will also be briefly described and analyzed.

Alexander III: accession to the throne

How did Alexander come to the Russian throne? He was not born a heir to the throne. The elder brother, Nicholas, was to inherit the crown. However, the latter dies in adolescence. Accordingly, young Alexander quickly begin to prepare so that he could with dignity adopt the work of his father - Emperor Alexander II.

In general, Alexander III was preparing for a brilliantThe military career, but the plans were not destined to come true. After the death of his brother, Tsarevich Nicholas, Alexander urgently taught foreign languages, geography and other sciences necessary for the future emperor.

Together with the crown from Nicholas Alexander alsoreceives and the bride, the princess of Denmark in baptism received the name Mary. The young people were so shocked by the death of the prince, with whom they were on friendly terms, that the firstborn was called Nicholas.

What did Alexander III receive at the beginning of his reign? Destroyed and exhausted by the Russian-Turkish war, the country, the outbreak of anti-government sentiments in all social groups. Recall that the father of Emperor Alexander II died at the hands of terrorists.

Zemstvo and judicial reforms

March 1, 1881, Alexander III entered the throne. Domestic and foreign policy can briefly be characterized as follows: firmness and determination. Let's analyze the main aspects.

The first thing for which the new sovereign undertook -suppression of all kinds of freethinking. He believed that it was precisely this fault in most of Russia's troubles. Do not forget that his father also became a victim of terror, born from excessive education. Alexander II was the guardian of enlightenment, in contrast to Alexander III takes a number of contradictions.

In 1884, an edict was issued concerningactivity of universities (it was their emperor who considered the focus of free-thinking). The document abolished all kinds of meetings within the educational institutions, prohibited student courts; Access to higher education was closed to the lower classes.

As for local authority, it wasis strengthened by the following measures: the zemstvos were strictly governed by governors, the rights of officials were sharply curtailed. Officials were only from the upper strata, the peasantry was not allowed into power and did not participate in elections.

There have been changes in the judicial system. They are closely related to the reforms in the zemstvos. Courts now directly subordinated to the state, publicity in the meetings was strictly limited, and the qualification was also imposed on jurors.

The situation

Domestic policy of Alexander III and touched the peasantry. Their position after the famous reform of 1861 was unenviable: the lack of money to buy land, debts, inability to conduct their business - all this caused the ruined people to leave for the cities. Alexander III takes a number of decisions that stabilize the situation. So, the peasants are forgiven debts, the tax rate on land redemption is lowered. A special Peasant Bank is also being created, where people could borrow for management (the interest was not high).

Thus, agriculture in the countrybegins to develop, there are centers that specialize in a certain direction: technical cultures (the Baltic States), grains (Ukraine), livestock (Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, etc.)

Military reform

Domestic policy and foreign policy of Alexander 3 were aimed at strengthening the autocracy within the country. To many, this was facilitated by military reform.

Do not forget that initially Alexandraprepared for a career as a military man, he knew the matter well and understood it. Although Russia did not lead the wars for his rule, the army grew very well. All sorts of defensive structures, mountain divisions were created, great importance was given to the reserves of the army, both equestrian and infantry.

With the purpose of training on the basis of military gymnasiumscadet corps are being opened. Not only young soldiers are being trained, but also the command staff. Promotion is only for seniority.

A special role is assigned to military infrastructure. So there are special railway brigades, called upon to deliver employees to the places of deployment, if necessary.

Another innovation is the armament of the army. Three-line rifle becomes the main weapon, the form changes (it is now more convenient for soldiers).

National reforms

Domestic policy and foreign policy of Alexander3 strengthened and due to a tough national position. The idea that the Russian Empire is intended only for Russians was sounded just from the lips of Alexander III. Many political decisions are based on this idea.

The Emperor takes serious steps to strengthen theOrthodox faith. Especially in this issue, the border regions of the country were weak. The active construction of Orthodox churches begins. At the state level, citizens of non-Orthodox faith and non-Russian nationalities are being oppressed. Most "got" to the Poles and Jews. Work on Russification is conducted in Ukraine and the Baltic states.

Financial system and industry

Domestic policy and foreign policy of Alexander3 proceeded from the reality of what emperor received the country. She was in great economic decline. Accordingly, one of the main tasks that needed to be solved was to withdraw the country from the economic crisis. To this end, the best figures of the era are involved in the financial and industrial reforms.

So, Bunge proposed to abolish poll tax,instead of it it is offered to pay excise on alcohol, tobacco, sugar or oil. In addition, the tax rate on property increases, for example, from land and urban real estate. In order to reduce the budget deficit, customs duties are being raised.

As for industry, it is growingat a great pace. Particularly flourishing metallurgy, textile and machine-building production. New methods of oil production are being developed. Thus, according to this indicator, Russia comes out on top.

Let us briefly show what reforms Alexander has implemented 3. Foreign and domestic policy (table):

Domestic policy

As for foreign policy, it is not for nothing that this emperor is called a "peacemaker" - he in every possible way protected his country from military conflicts. Also attracted other countries to such actions.

In his reign, the Russian empire became closer to Great Britain and France, but in the Balkans weakened our positions.

Confrontation with Germany in terms of customs relations exacerbated economic relations.

Thus, the domestic policy and foreign policy of Alexander 3 contributed to the economic, national and industrial development of the country.