What questions are answered by cases? Questions instrumental. Questions of the prepositional case
For coherent speech in the Russian language, the samewords can be used in different forms, it can be singular or plural, feminine, masculine or middle genus, as well as declension with changing endings. A particularly important role in constructing correct statements is played by cases, which show the syntactic role and connection of words in the sentence. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals are subject to deviation. And in the study of the Russian language it is very important to learn how to determine the case form of these parts of speech and to know what questions are answered by cases.
Basic cases of the Russian language
The case system of the Russian language is quite simplefor studying, but there are several features in it. Therefore, in the school curriculum this topic is given a huge amount of time. The first thing children learn about what questions are answered by cases and how they are called. As a rule, only six basic cases are of interest to schoolchildren, although in fact they are much larger, but because of the close similarity of the variety of obsolete case forms, they were combined with the main ones. Although there are still disputes among linguists on this issue.
Nominative case
The nominative case is abbreviated as He. etc. Questions of the nominative - Who? So what? For all parts of speech, this form of the word is the initial word and can be the name of an object, a person or a natural phenomenon, and in the sentence it always acts as a subject. For example:
The girl left the room; The sun was setting over the horizon.
Also in the nominative case there can be a nominal part of the compound predicate. For example:
Nikita is my son; Alexander Vasilyevich is the director.
Also, always in the nominative case is the main member of a single-sentence proposal and appeal. For example:
Noises, noises, reeds; Here is the old house.
Genitive
The use of the genitive case can be either after the verbs, or after the names. Words with such declination answer questions whom? What? In a reduced form it is recorded by Rn.
This form of words has a variety of meaning and syntactic application. The verb genitive case may indicate the subject:
- in the case when the verb has negativity: Do not take your head off, do not tell the truth;
- if the action is not related to the whole subject, but only to its part: drink water, eat soup, chop firewood.
The primitive genitive case can point to a number of relationships:
- belonging to someone or something: mother's house, dress dolls;
- the relation of something whole to any part: hotel room, tree branch;
- evaluation or definition of qualities: a green cap, tears of happiness, a man of the word.
That is why it is very important to know which cases are answered by the case for the correct determination of the case form.
Nouns used in the genitive case, together with the adjectives of comparison, indicate the object or person with whom they are compared. For example:
Beautiful Natasha, whiter than snow, faster than lightning.
Dative
In order to understand how to use the word in one or another case, it is necessary to know clearly which questions are answered by cases in which case a certain form of declination is used. So, for example, the dative case (to whom; to what?) words are most often put after verbs and only in a few cases after words denoting objects.
The main words in this case are used to denote the main subject to which the action is directed.
For example:
To send greetings to the girlfriend, to threaten the enemy, the order to the subordinates.
In impersonal sentences, words in the dative case can be used as a predicate. For example:
Sasha became frightened. The boy was cold. The patient is getting worse.
Accusative
The questions of the accusative case are similar to the questions of other cases, namely, to the genitive and the nominative. So, to animate an object this is a question whom? but to inanimate - what? And quite often school children confuse this case withnominative, therefore, for the correct definition, the grammatical basis must first be singled out in the sentence. Words in this case form are most often used with verbs and denote an object to which the action completely transcends.
For example:
To fish, clean shoes, sew a skirt, bake a cake.
Also, words in the accusative case can express quantity, time, space and distance. For example:
The whole summer, every minute, every year.
Instrumental case
As well as other case forms, questionsThe instrumental cases have two forms for living and non-living things. These are special issues that can not be confused with other forms. So, for the animate subject, the instrumental case answers the question by whom? For example:
He was familiar (with whom?) With Oksana and (with whom?) Her mother.
For the inanimate object, the instrumental case answers the question than? For example:
Nourished (with what?) Bread, watered (than?) With water.
As a rule, this form of words is used in combination with verbs closely related to names.
The case form of words with verbs is alwaysacts as a means and instrument of action, can be in the manner or mode of action, and also have the meanings of time, place, space, and who is acting. For example:
Beat the dog (with what?) With a stick.
The old man poddersya (with what?) Palm.
The road led (what?) The forest.
Fairy tales "Aibolit", "Confusion" and "Cockroach" are written (by whom?) By Kornei Chukovsky.
Also, this case form of words can also occur with names and have the following meanings. With nouns:
- The instrument of action: beat with a hand, brush;
- actor: protection of the house by watchmen, seller's goods leave;
- the content of the action itself: to study German;
- definitive value: sausage ringlet, bass singing.
With adjectives, words in the instrumental case are used with the meaning of the restriction of the indicated trait. For example:
He was a strong mind and famous for his discoveries.
Prepositional
The sixth and last case, which is studied in the school curriculum is prepositional.
The questions of the prepositional case, like other case forms, are divided in the direction of living subjects (on whom? about whom?) and inanimate (on what? about what?). The words in this case are always used withprepositions, precisely from here and the name of the case itself. Depending on the preposition used, the meaning also changes, the questions of the prepositional are always constructed using the same prepositions that are used in specific cases in the context.
The use of prepositions with words in the prepositional
For the correct determination of the case form of words andthe correct use of them in speech is very important to know how the cases are connected with questions and prepositions when using various forms of words in sentences.
Each of the prepositions used gives the word its meaning:
- o, oh, obo - the designation of the subject in question: thoughts about you;
- in, in - indicates the object, time, place and space: at midnight, in a box, in all its glory and so on;
- na - used to point to the place where something is or is happening: on the table, at the station;
- at - used to clarify near what or in the presence of someone is the subject in question: at the road, under King Pea.
What role do the cases, questions and prepositions play?
The table of prepositions, which are used in combination with various case forms of words, plays a huge role in the study of the case system of the Russian language.
After all, they, joining the nouns, can reveal the different meanings of the same word.
| Case | Pretext | Value | Example |
| Genitive | around | determine the space in which the object is located or in which the action takes place | walk around the park, came out from behind the house, stand by the tree |
| Dative | to, to | are used to indicate the approach to an object, object or event place | approach a friend, go off-road |
| Accusative | in, out, on | Specify which object the action is directed to | hug for the waist, look out the window, put on the table |
| Instrumental | under, over, above, with | can have many meanings, including indicating the direction of a certain action and denoting the space | fly above the ground, walk under the bridge, be friends with my grandmother |
Declension of nouns, adjectives and numerals by case
One of the main topics of this section of the Russianlanguage is the theme: "Declination by case". As a result of such a change, the word is transformed, acquiring a new ending, which is important enough for the correctness of the construction of speech. Declination occurs by changing the word so that it answers the questions of each case. The declension of nouns has an independent character, while adjectives and numerals in the context always depend on the case in which the word associated with them is.
| Case | Question | Noun | Question | Adjective |
| Nominative | Who? what? | floret | which one? | scarlet |
| Genitive | whom? What? | flower | What? | scarlet |
| Dative | To whom? What? | flower | Which? | scarlet |
| Accusative | whom? what? | floret | which one? | scarlet |
| Instrumental | by whom? than? | flower | What? | scarlet |
| Prepositional | About whom? about what? | about the flower | About what? | about scarlet |
In the case of declining numerals, the question can also be modified, both for the adjective, which will make it easier to decline the word.
| Case | Case question | The question for the numerals | Numeral |
| Nominative | Who? what? | how? which one? | six two eighth eighth the eighth |
| Genitive | whom? What? | How many? What? | six two eighth eighth eighth |
| Dative | To whom? What? | How many? Which? | six two eighth |
| Accusative | whom? what? | how? What? | six two eighth eighth eighth |
| Instrumental | by whom? than? | How many? What? | six two eighth eighth eighth |
| Proposal | About whom? about what? | About how many? About what? | about six about two on the eighth on the eighth on the eighth |
The purpose of the school program is to teach children not onlycorrectly determine the case form of words in a sentence, but also be able to correctly use a preposition that fully reveals the meaning of the utterance. Such skills are very important for the construction of literate speech. That is why this topic is given special attention and sufficient number of Russian lessons so that children can not only study, but well fix this material.
