Biological Sciences

System of biological sciences, suggesting the study ofdifferent forms of living beings, their structure, development, functioning, is a fairly extensive structure. Each of its branches pursues specific goals, explores specific issues. Along with this, biological sciences are closely connected with each other.

The multifaceted structure is due not only to the diversity of species and forms of life, but also to the variety of methods for their study.

Even in ancient times, the basic biologicalscience: zoology, botany, anatomy and human physiology. Subsequently, such large sections as hydrobiology (studying water dwellers) and microbiology (investigating microorganisms), selected in accordance with the objects of research, were formed.

Large branches leave highly specializedbiological sciences. So, for example, zoology (studying animals) includes the theriology, studying mammals, protozoology - protozoa, malacology - mollusks, acarology - mites, entomology - insects, ichthyology - fish-like. The structure of botany contains such biological sciences as dendrology (about trees, shrubs), bryology (about mosses), lichenology (about lichens), mycology (about mushrooms) and others.

There is also a deeper divisiondisciplines. So, the distribution of organisms by categories and their diversity are studied by systematic biological sciences. Discipline, exploring the organic world of modernity, is called neontology. The science of pre-existing forms of life is called paleontology.

Another direction of classification of disciplinesinvolves the separation of manifestations and properties of the living. So, various functions of organisms are studied by physiology, questions about heredity - genetics, patterns in animal behavior - ethology. Features of individual development are investigated by embryology, in a broader sense - developmental biology. At the same time, each discipline is divided into more private ones. For example, the morphology studying forms is classified into the comparative, functional and other branches. Simultaneously, there is mutual penetration, and the fusion of narrow different disciplines of biology, with the formation of complex combinations. So, for example, there are such branches as histophysiology, cytogenetics and others.

The structure of systems and organs is macroscopically studiedanatomy, microscopic structure of tissues - histology, cell nucleus structure - karyology, cells as a whole - cytology. At the same time, karyology, cytology and histology, in addition to investigating the structure of certain structures, are engaged in the study of their biochemical properties and functions.

In biology, the disciplines associated withapplication of various methods of study. So, for example, there is a biochemistry that studies the processes of vital activity by chemical means, Biophysics, which establishes physical laws. It should be noted that these two disciplines are often intertwined with each other, applied in a complex to study a particular phenomenon.

A separate place is occupied by such discipline asbiometrics. It is based on the mathematical method of processing biological data. With the use of this industry, it becomes possible to describe single processes and phenomena, plan experiments, establish more general biological patterns.

It should be noted that in biology equallyBoth theoretical and practical research are important. The former allow to revolutionize many spheres of practical activity, for example, technical biology or industrial microbiology. Along with this, the branches of practical biology enrich the theory with new knowledge.