Geodetic work in construction. Value, types, organization, control of geodetic work in construction

Geodetic surveys have found wideapplication in a variety of industries. One of such areas is land-cadastral relations. In industry without such works, mining of minerals is impossible. But geodetic work in construction is especially important. This is caused by the need for high accuracy measurements in the design and construction of both industrial facilities and civil buildings. Precisely because the importance of geodetic work in construction is difficult to overestimate.

General content of the concept

The result of engineering and geodetic surveysis information about the nature of the terrain in the area where construction work is to be carried out. They are engaged in specialized companies, whose task is to build and develop surveying networks (planned and high-altitude), to determine the coordinates of key points of land boundaries, to maintain and timely update topographic survey, to identify and mark on the maps the available engineering communications (both underground and ground ).

In their activities, surveyors rely oninitial data, which contain topographic maps of the locality. The process of operating the object also implies the performance of a number of specific engineering and geodetic tasks. Practically everywhere it is required to process and refine the design and working documentation, to carry out the tie-in and alignment works, to control the geometric parameters of the buildings, to conduct the executive survey.

Besides, The geodetic work in construction includes the task of monitoring the draft and deformation of the earthsurface and construction sites, including in the framework of monitoring of hazardous natural processes. They also know and obmerochnymi work, that is, determine the parameters of buildings and a variety of architectural forms. In addition, they control the verticality of structures and columns, verifying crane tracks. Without such works, installation of any complicated type of equipment is not complete.

Types of geodetic work in construction

What are the applied directions of moderngeodesy? There are a lot of them. On the site, specialists create a geodetic reference network, it is attached to the absolute elevations and to the existing coordinate system in the given location. The construction site is planned in vertical and horizontal directions, the necessary volumes of excavation work are counted, design axes are taken out to the nature outside and inside the building. The objects of construction are planned vertically, their area, volume and perimeter are determined.

Geodesic works in construction are used in installation plant equipment and installation of complexdevices. An important place is given to them in the arrangement of railway tracks and crane rails. They are also conducted when erecting linear structures, columns, towers, all kinds of antennas, cameral and field tracing. This type of work is also in demand in the field of underground communications.

On the fact of construction is carried outExecutive shooting, which identifies all deviations from the solutions specified in the project. The control over geometrical parameters of the object and in the process of construction is conducted. Modern methods of production of geodetic works allow creating executive plans and schemes in electronic form or in the form of 3D-models.

What they consist of

Any geodetic works in construction can be divided into three main stages. The first of them (preparatory) includes the formation of a technical task, which must contain a list of the most important points. It is about the location of the future object in the territory and in space, its size and volume. Further the list of forthcoming works is specified. It can be made up of topographic survey, site layout, executive surveying, surveying or control.

The customer can add a number of other wishes to the list. He leads and control of geodetic work in construction. At this stage, all communications are specified asbasic, and auxiliary, and their mutual arrangement. In addition to the composition of the works, the dates of their implementation and the form in which the report will be formulated are indicated.

At the preparatory stage, the collection andpreparation of necessary technical documents. These include copies of existing topographic maps, situational plans with designated boundaries of sites and construction sites, master plans with outlined contours of future facilities.

The contract drawn up for the surveyThe contract completes the preparatory stage of geodetic work. Further it is required to be reserved by the data on results of the engineering works spent in territory of construction earlier. Without them, the task becomes more complicated. Based on the terms of reference, the work organizer is considering a plan of future activities taking into account all available conditions and limitations.

The practical side of the matter

At the second stage of work - field - surveyorsconduct reconnaissance of the area. This is a rather complicated process, because often real conditions can differ significantly from those indicated in the documents. The most important procedure of this stage is called topographic surveying. It belongs to the most famous and demanded varieties of engineering researches and is conducted on different scales - from 1: 500 to 1: 5000.

Based on the results of its surveyors have the opportunitymake a topographical plan. Modern measures in the field are accompanied by the use of the latest technical means in the form of electronic and optical theodolites, laser levels, etc. Their use not only facilitates the difficult work of surveyors, but also increases the accuracy of measurements by an order of magnitude.

What does the plan contain?

On the compiled topographic plan, there should beany elements of the terrain are reflected, which include both buildings and reliefs, and large objects of vegetation. All necessary underground communications, for example pipelines or electric cables, must be fixed without fail. If this moment is not paid enough attention, the consequences can be very serious. That is why drawing up a topographic plan is the task of a highly qualified specialist.

Topographic shooting is useful not onlybuilders. Do not do without it to specialists in landscape design and those who applied for permission to build land. Thus, survey data is required almost everywhere, where it is a question of land management procedures.

Final stage

The final stage of geodetic works is calledcameral, or office. It specialists specify the data obtained during field work, and all calculated parameters. Processing requires a significant flow of information, which implies attention and high qualifications of the performers.

Technical report on the work done ingeodetic sphere is called an explanatory note and contains a lot of figures, drawings, diagrams and other data with the results of the work performed. All documentation, properly executed, is transferred to the customer.

Who guides the process

The preparatory stage of work on the constructionthe site is usually managed by the customer-developer, the same tasks that relate directly to the construction process are performed more often by the contractor or general contractor. The customer with the general contractor can be representatives of different organizations, but sometimes cooperate within the same investment and construction company.

Organization of geodetic works in construction depends on their complexity and volume. If a subcontractor is involved in the construction of an object, which includes specialists in the geodetic profile, all the work is done by them. If we are talking about a small object that does not involve complex research, geodetic tasks are solved directly by the builders themselves.

JV "Geodetic works in construction" - what kind of document?

Like any other kind of work, geodesicsurveys should be regulated. The purpose of this is to ensure the unity and accuracy of measurements and the transfer of data from field conditions to drawings and documents. Such a regulation is reflected in the system of SNiPs (building codes and regulations), as well as other higher standards adopted at the state level.

There are several basic documents defining both the content of various geodetic surveys in the field of construction, and the order and forms of their implementation. Leading ones - SP 126 13330 2012 "Geodetic works inconstruction ". The abbreviation of the joint venture stands for" building rules ". This document is an updated version of the previously adopted SNiP" Geodetic works in construction "№ 3.01.03-84. They are the main manual containing instructions relating to all matters of the organization of this type of work. As in SNiP "Geodetic works in construction" in they are spelled out any nuances relating to the orderthe creation of a centering basis, permissible accuracy, etc., sets out numerous requirements for standards of measurement error in the geodesic field and various methods of transmitting elevations.

Addition JV "Geodetic works in construction", as a guide for geodesic staffServices serve and other reference books. These can be developed for different applications and relate, for example, to the composition of as-built documentation and its content, the use of special devices in geodesy, measurement procedures with a description of the necessary technologies, as well as the necessary recommendations relating to the performance of geodetic works on the construction of high-rise and multi-functional buildings .

What is GPRP?

Take into account all the recommendations that contains set of rules "Geodetic works in construction"must in the preparation of the production projectgeodetic works (GPRS), the presence of which is necessary if we are talking about the construction of a large and complex object or a building with a height of 9 floors. Such a project contains the scope and methodology of the survey, the planned dates, financial and organizational issues.

It can either be developed by the contractor itselfentrusts this to a specialized organization in consultation with the customer. The project must be formed and go into production no later than 2 months before the date of commencement of work.</ span </ p>