The building is ... Residential buildings. Administrative buildings. Building

A building is a land structure that has an interior space. Such an object is intended for living or working, as well as for meeting certain needs of society.

Etiology

The very word "building", most likely, occurredfrom the Old Russian verb "zdati". In the old days, it meant "building." The verb "zdati", used in ancient speech, in turn, appeared from the noun "zd". In those distant times this word meant "clay" (it served as the main building material). From the same verb, it is believed, there were words like "create" and "architect."

What does not apply to buildings?

This term does not apply to those terrestrialstructures that do not have an internal space. This, for example, transport racks and bridges, cooling towers, etc. Many of the underwater and underground structures are not classified as buildings. Their list includes dams, tunnels, etc. All these buildings are called engineering structures or simply structures. Such objects include those that formally resemble a building. This, for example, is a water tower. Such may be the technical building of an industrial enterprise intended for servicing equipment, etc.

Technological elements

The building is the result of construction work. It is a three-dimensional structure, which has an above-ground and underground part. In addition, any building has internal premises, networks and systems of engineering and technical support. Construction objects are designed to carry out certain activities of people. If they are used as dwellings, these are residential buildings. Buildings can be designed for storage of products and for placing production, as well as for keeping animals in them. Any of these objects belongs to the category "non-residential building".

The elements of the space-planning solution of any structure are the following:

1. Premises. They dismember the entire inner spacespecific object. A certain part of the volume of the building object - this is the room. The building, as a rule, is divided into spaces (rooms, corridors, etc.), which have fences on all sides. The totality of such premises, floors of which are located on one level, is called a floor.

2. Basement. This is the floor of the building, which is below the ground level.
3. Ground floor (semi-basement). It includes rooms that are below the level of the blind area (but not more than half of its height).
4. Overground floors. This is a collection of premises located above the ground mark.
5. Attic. It is a room located above the ceiling above the last floor of the building and below the roof.
6. Attic. This is the name of the room, which resulted from the allocation of a part inside the attic space. The attic is formed by a pitched roof and is intended for habitation or sub-cups.
7. Technical floor. This space is intended for placementengineering equipment, as well as for laying the necessary communications for the functioning of the house. This floor can be located both in the lower part of the building (technical underground) and in the upper (technical floor). Sometimes it is arranged directly above the passages. It can also be located above the first floor of a residential building that has a public purpose.

Constructive elements

A building is a building that has a materialshell, in the role of which are various independent parts - the foundation, walls, roof, etc. This is the constructive elements. They, in turn, consist of prefabricated smaller details - steps and roofing products, prefabricated slabs, etc.

All structural elements of the building are divided into enclosing and bearing. The assignment to this or that type is determined by the purpose and conditions of work of these parts in the general structure of the building.

Classification of structural elements ascarriers are possible only when they take all kinds of power loads that arise during the operation of the building. In contrast, the enclosing structures are designed to isolate the internal space of the building from the external environment and delineate the building into separate rooms.

The main structural elements of constructionobjects are as follows: foundation, columns, beams and similar parts. Fencing details - doors and windows, roofing and partitions. There are also elements in the building that combine the functions of load-bearing and non-structural structures (for example, internal walls).

Classification of buildings by purpose

The following division of construction objects is adopted, which are land constructions with an internal volume:

1. Residential buildings. These are the objects that are intended foruse as dwellings. These include hostels and hotels. Included in this list are residential buildings and buildings with rooms for holiday homes, boarding houses, etc.
2. Public buildings. These include museums and theaters, train stations, shopping centers, libraries, galleries, etc.
3. Industrial buildings. They are power stations, factories, factories.
4. Agricultural buildings. These include warehouses, farms for livestock, etc.
5. Administrative buildings. These are buildings designed to accommodate offices.

Construction of buildings is carried out based onthe degree of their capitalization, which in SNiPe P-A.3-61 is divided into four classes. For example, cultural and historical monuments (palaces and theaters, metro stations, etc.) should be preserved for centuries. In this case, the construction of buildings of this class is carried out with strict adherence to certain requirements for architecture, fire resistance, etc. When building objects it is necessary to adhere to the SNiP "Buildings and constructions". This document is an instruction developed to protect the rights and interests of consumers of products of the construction industry.

Residential buildings

Such buildings can be of different types. In particular, they are non-commercial (hotels at educational institutions or factories, dormitories, military barracks and, of course, apartment houses), as well as commercial (profitable houses, commercial hotels and hostels).

Residential buildings are also classified by number of storeys. They are as follows:
- low-rise (in one or two floors);
- medium-storey (3-5 floors);
- multi-storey (over 6 floors);
- with high floor (11 to 16 floors);
- high-rise (over 16 floors).

Classify the buildings intended for people living, and the number of apartments in them. Such buildings can be:

- single-family (individual);
- Semi-detached (paired);
- multi-apartment.

In order to solve social problems andto provide favorable conditions for the life of the population, it is necessary to make the right choice of residential buildings by number of storeys and by their volume-planning structure.

In large settlements, the mostthe erection of multi-storey houses is common. This is a rational solution if you want to design a residential building. SNiP provides for certain requirements for structural elements, as well as functionality and decoration of houses. According to this building instruction, multi-storey buildings should be erected from durable structures. In addition, SNiPom put forward a requirement to ensure the fire resistance of such facilities. That is why in apartment houses with a height of more than five floors, the supporting frame must be made exclusively of reinforced concrete, concrete and stone materials.

The design of multi-storey houses has its own characteristics. The supporting frame of such buildings, as a rule, is walled.

Administrative buildings

These are buildings that have a common architectural task -creating an environment for the normal operation of offices. This can also include premises where the administrative apparatus of public and state institutions and organizations is located.

Administrative buildings, as a rule, havecellular planning. Workrooms in them are located on either or both sides of the corridor. The first floor is for a wardrobe and a lobby. The necessary rooms in the administrative buildings are meeting rooms. They are located on the lower floors, organizing a separate construction volume. Meeting rooms can be located on the upper floors of the main building.

Administrative buildings in the construction of populated areaspoints are given a great imaginative and architectural and artistic significance. As a rule, they are located on the main streets and squares. Many of these buildings serve as the center of a certain architectural composition.

Requirements for office buildings

Construction of administrative buildingshas a number of features. First of all, these houses should have a large number of door and window openings, as well as intermediate spans. In addition, administrative buildings are structures with a complex frame structure. Their interior space is projected mobile and spacious. In the construction of offices an important role is assigned to the appearance of the object. Preferred is a continuous mirror glazing, brick finishing, as well as combined options and techniques for the design of a variety of materials.

SNiP puts forward its own requirements for the construction of administrative facilities. These include the following:

- application of structures that comply with GOST standards;
- compliance with all safety regulations;
- ecological compatibility of the materials used;
- ergonomics;
- fire safety;
- moisture, noise and heat insulation;
- installation of a powerful ventilation system;
- resistance to heavy precipitation and temperature changes;
- presentable;
- seismic resistance.

When building administrative buildings, additional requirements must be met. Their list includes such:

- originality of planning;
- parking in the basement of the building;
- a ramified network of electrical wiring, which makes it possible to connect a large number of office equipment.

In addition, it should be borne in mind that the construction of administrative facilities should be carried out only by a reliable contractor.

Classification of industrial buildings

At the stage of designing, planning and financing of construction, it is very important to determine the purpose of the structure. The class of its capital is also important.

Industrial buildings are divided according to their purpose into the following:

- facilities intended for main production;
- auxiliary, storage and subsidiary production buildings, which are objects of service (health centers, repair shops, warehouses, laboratories, etc.);
- buildings and buildings of the energy sector (boiler, gas-generator, compressor, etc.);
- construction of communications and transport facilities (garages, communication centers, process control stations, etc.);
- Sanitary facilities (sewerage and water supply, gasification and heating systems, etc.).

Requirements for industrial buildings

Building regulations and rules put forward the basic requirements, which should be taken into account at the design and construction stage of industrial facilities.

First of all, conditions must be satisfiedmanufacturability. They mean the rational organization of the production scheme in the building under construction, taking into account all stages of the process of output from transportation of materials to the manufacture of goods. To fulfill this requirement, it is necessary to develop a size and shape of the building in which the strength of its structures and the grid of columns do not interfere with the free location and movement of process equipment. This factor is important, as it contributes to the development of production, as well as to increase its maneuverability.

At the design and construction stageindustrial buildings must take into account the requirements of sanitary and hygienic nature. They are reduced to the creation of such working conditions that would satisfy the personal and hygienic needs of the staff. To meet such requirements in the production area, buildings must maintain all conditions at the required level, such as temperature, humidity, air movement and cleanliness. In accordance with the requirements of sanitary standards, there should be a level of vibration, radiation and noise.

At the design and construction selection stagematerials should take into account fire protection requirements. They are reduced to the degree of fire resistance of the structure, as well as to its architectural and planning decision, which should limit the number of storeys, provide fire safety barriers, determine the number and size of evacuation exits and passes, exits and driveways. The building must be installed fire water pipe.

The production buildings are designed taking into accounteconomic requirements, which are reduced to a reduction in the cost of not only the construction, but also the operation of the facility. To do this, use technical and economic indicators.

The amounts of initial costs can be reducedIf, when building a building, unified structures and parts of local manufacture are used, cheaper building materials, and also use rational architectural and planning solutions.