Production and production systems: the concept, regularities and their types

Production systems areThe structures in which people and equipment working together are involved. They perform their functions in a certain space, conditions, working environment in accordance with the tasks. Production and production systems consist of certain elements.

general characteristics

Production systems are self-sufficientor in interaction with each other to satisfy those or other requests and needs of potential consumers through the products and services being produced. The emergence of such structures is caused by the emergence or formation of demand in the market. They must be adapted for the continued satisfaction of the customer's need. Thus, the goals of the production system are to manufacture and sell the products needed in the market.

Stages of

The system of production processes representsa sequence of operations associated with the transformation of materials and raw materials into services and goods. Within the framework of this complex, the means used in the work change. They go through the following stages:

1. Mechanization. Within the framework of it, manual labor is partially replaced by machine labor.
2. Automation. It is a complete transfer of equipment to mechanical operations. Automation minimizes the participation of a person in work.
3. Standardization. It assumes uniformity of details, operations, goods, due to which components of products and people become interchangeable.
4. Computerization. It allows creating opportunities for flexible adjustment of equipment for the manufacture of a diverse range of goods.

Types of production systems

They are determined in accordance with the stages of the formation of modern industry. Depending on the methods of reducing costs, organizations, technological level distinguish the following types:

1. Soft pre-scientific (military-anarchist).
2. Soft scientific, based on flexible technologies (toyotism).
3. Tough scientific (Fordism).

Consider these types of production systems in more detail.

Military-Anarchic Structure

This system of production activities has the following features:

1. The key direction is the seizure of new markets for the sale of goods at the expense of their cheaper prices.
2. Manufactory and factory production of products. It is based on mechanization, the transfer of key functions to equipment, provides for narrow, simple occupations of workers.
3. Patterned and semi-monotonous monotonous activity.
4. Forced working rhythm set by the machine tool.
5. Extensive use of material and human resources for their cheaper.
6. Simple operations.

The management of the production system in this case is of a conflict nature. Actually, because of this, it is called military-anarchistic. As part of the production relations are quite unstable.

Fordism

The founder of this production system was G. Ford. He developed a theory, the key provisions of which are:

1. High wages of the worker.
2. Control over the number of hours. The employee must work 48 hours a week, but no more.
3. Providing the best condition of machines, their absolute purity.
4. Cultivating people's respect for themselves and for each other.

In accordance with these principles was introducedAn 8-hour day and a salary twice as large as that provided for in generally accepted norms. Ford, in addition, created schools with scholarships, opened a sociological laboratory, which carried out research on the working conditions, leisure and life of employees. At the same time, he cared about potential consumers. In particular, special attention was paid to the quality of products, the development of the service network, cars were constantly improved, sales prices were declining. As a strict requirement, the introduction of machines for the implementation of hard work, the rapid introduction of innovations. Also, strict adherence to hygiene, maintenance of cleanliness was taken into account, psychophysiological characteristics of employees were taken into account when distributing them for performing certain operations (requiring a creative look or monotonous). Ford was one of those who created the philosophy of practice. The merit of this man and other people who propagandize similar ideas is to affirm the key principles on which the organization of production systems is based. At present, they have not lost their relevance, but rather the contrary, they have become more than in demand.

Key features

The main task of Fordism in reducing production costs. Among the key features of the structure are the following:

1. Conveyor production.
2. Presence of a park of specialized machines.
3. Template simple work.
4. Forced rhythm, defined by the conveyor.
5. Low qualification of the personnel.
6. Serial (mass) production.
7. Small costs of attracting resources to create a new pipeline.
8. Great turnover of staff.

Management

It included:

1. Production planning. It was carried out in the form of rationing financial, labor and material resources.
2. Routing. It is the development of sequences and ways of passing goods through the equipment.
3. Dispatching. It provided distribution of routing-technological maps and production tasks for the company's divisions.
4. Scheduling. It is the formation of a schedule and the coordination of various stages and methods of processing products (in series or in parallel).
5. Quality control.
6. Improving the methods of production and distribution of functions among employees.

Toyotism

The production systems discussed above are notare flexible and adapt to changing conditions. Tojotizm is a response to the need for highly qualified specialists, an increase in the mobility of industry. It acts as a modern production and economic system. Its key principle is to find the optimal combination of human values, training, continuous adaptation to constantly changing conditions. It involves the involvement of highly qualified personnel, the use of semi-template and creative work. In this structure, flexible design and production systems are used. The whole company acts as a complex of highly specialized enterprises, a network of branches is developed.

Development of flexible production systems in Japan

They began to be introduced relatively recently, inmid-20th century. Successful development of production systems of this type is noted in Japan. At the enterprises, a computerized model began to operate. It coordinates the information of all structural divisions and ensures the continuity of work. A production and technical system of this type presupposes the administration directly by the very course of output and the control of material stocks. Continuity of work is ensured by the delivery of materials "just in time" in the right place and in the required quantity. Such a model is called "kanban". The planning department of the enterprise develops a weekly or monthly schedule for the release of new products. However, it does not act as a production scheme for each shop. The operational schedule, developed every day, coordinates the work of the sole main assembly line. Other workshops are reported through the "kanban" system. Japanese technology is known all over the world for its quality. Such popularity is provided by strict control at the enterprise. Any employee in each company feels individual responsibility for the products produced. For quality control special circles are formed at the enterprise. Their members must continuously improve their skills and knowledge.

Principles

The main production systems in the modern world are based on:

1. Resource planning. In accordance with the general working projects, the forecast of the conjuncture, financial indicators, engineering and design developments, employment, and graphics is formed.
2. Quality control.
3. Managing Human Resources. It involves the study of individual characteristics of a person to ensure continuity and safety of work. At enterprises, flexible schedules are introduced, the range of functions of employees is expanded. The workers themselves take part in the organization of production. Particular attention is paid to the group and internal self-control of specialists.

Features of Russian industry

Currently there is amodel, covering all stages of the enterprise. They include not only the production itself, but also the supply of raw materials for its production, as well as the sale of finished products. On how effectively the system is organized, the quality of the goods, the magnitude of costs, the competitiveness of the enterprise depends. As a key factor constraining the development of production systems in Russia, there are a lack of qualified managers and a lack of information about the potential and prospects for modernization.

Specificity of administration

Management of the production system isconscious regulation of the whole work of the enterprise. First of all, the project of the optimal model of the company's functioning should be developed. Management involves making decisions about the location of capacity, the introduction of norms and standards. The functioning of the system must be constantly monitored. This means that the routes for the orders must be established, the deadlines for their delivery are determined. Consideration of materials, components, parts and products inside the enterprise is of no small importance. Such control should be provided at all stages of the company's operations. To achieve competitiveness, an enterprise must produce a demanded product on the market. At the same time, it must have its own characteristics that distinguish it for the better from the products of other firms. In this regard, the team of specialists should develop a draft of products that will be produced by the enterprise, or take advantage of already existing promising developments.