What kind of hormones does the pancreas produce?

The pancreas is formed by two sections: exocrine, occupying 98% of the gland and pancreatic - in the form of small impregnations throughout its surface.

The endocrine department is responsible for the secretion of gastric juice and control of the processes occurring in the duodenum, and also saturates the digestive fluids with enzymes.

The endocrine part is responsible for the production of hormones.

Hormonal function

The pancreas produces two hormones -this is glucagon and insulin. In the production of glucagon, alpha cells are involved, and beta cells are involved in the production of insulin. In addition to these two types of cells, the gland also contains delta cells that produce somatostatin.

What hormones are produced by the pancreas

Human insulin is divided into two types: stimulated and basal.

The basal type differs in that it enters the bloodstream if there is no need. An example of such a selection may be the production of insulin, when food does not enter the body, that is, on an empty stomach.

Norms of glucose in the blood - no more than 5.5 mmol / l, while the level of insulin should be 69 mmol / l.

The stimulated type is called by sends,The appearance of food and the intake of amino acids and glucose in the blood. The secretory function of these hormones is attributed to the stimulatory effect of drugs containing sulfonylureas.

Stimulation of insulin occurs in two stages:

• Short is the release of the hormone into the bloodstream.
• Slow is the synthesis of a hormone.

In addition to them, various accompanying substances involved in digestion processes are also produced here. This list reflects which enzymes the pancreas produces:

• Substances affecting proteins are trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases A and B, elastase, ribonuclease.
• Substances that can digest carbohydrates: amylase, invertase, maltose, lactose.
• Substances that can break down fats. This is cholinesterase and lipase.

In the event that the pancreas does not produce enzymes, or if their insufficiency is present, there is fermentopathy associated with the concomitant disease.

The role of hormones

The role of the pancreas during the production of insulin and glucagon is to regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as the effect on the redistribution of glucose from blood plasma in the tissue.

Its main function is the synthesis of lipocaine, which carries the task of blocking and degeneration of liver cells.

In case of a critical shortage, when the pancreasiron produces an inadequate quantity of such compounds, in the processes of the functioning of the organism, a hormonal failure begins which is caused by not only acquired, but also congenital defects.

When the pancreas produces a hormoneInsulin in insufficient quantity, there is a disease - diabetes. With an extreme excess of insulin, the glucagon content increases and the concentration of sugar in the blood cells decreases, which, in turn, increases the amount of adrenaline. Then there is hypoglycemia - a decrease in the ability of the liver cells to process glucose.

Absence or extreme lack of somatostatin leads to the appearance of disturbances in various processes of the organism's activity with a violation of the balance of metabolic processes.

How is insulin produced?

On what hormones are produced by the pancreas, the implementation of fat metabolism in the entire body is constructed.

Even before the formation of insulin, during the synthesis of insulinin beta cells, substance proinsulin is released. By itself, it is not a hormone. The process of its transformation occurs under the influence of the Golgi complex, as well as the presence of special enzymatic compounds. After the process of its degeneration in the structure of cells, it will turn into insulin. Then it is re-absorbed back, where it is granulated and sent to storage, from which it will be extracted in case of acute necessity when signals are given by the body.

This system works when the level is raisedsugar in the blood, when the cells release the stored insulin to neutralize it and correct it into glycogen, increasing its concentration in the liver cells in the muscle tissue, being the energy supplier for the whole organism. Thanks to the effect of insulin, the level of sugar in the blood plasma can quickly be restored to normal.

When it is revealed that its content is highin the blood it should be regarded as a signal to the fact that the body does not resist the increased isolation of this hormone, which is associated with the inability of receptors responsible for carbohydrate metabolism, to recognize and eliminate such a danger. As a result, a disease called diabetes begins to develop. The consequences of it are that carbohydrates entering the body are not processed and not digested, and that's why blood tests show a high sugar content in the blood.

Signs of the emergence of such diseases without surrenderAnalyzes are increased thirst, which is due to the ability of glucose to absorb moisture. So, not neutralized in the blood, it causes dehydration of the body.

What determines the secretion of insulin

The pancreas produces enzymes andhormones, quite thinly feeling the slightest changes in the sugar content in the blood. Due to this, it also signals the body to start the formation of an increased amount of insulin or the need to reduce it and send it to the reserve.

When diabetes occurs, the islets of the endocrineparts of the gland undergo changes and disturbances in the functions performed. In this regard, for diabetics there is a list of products that are contraindicated for consumption precisely due to the high sugar content, with which the body is not able to cope. It's pastries and sweets, honey, carbohydrate foods, and sugar in its pure form. An excess of sugar in the blood leads to an extreme depletion of beta cells responsible for the synthesis of insulin, and can lead to their absolute death.

Glucagon

The pancreas produces glucagon inalpha cells. The mucous membranes of the intestine produce the hormone interraglucon, which is also an adrenaline synergist. This hormone of the pancreas is responsible for controlling the course of lipolysis and its rate, and also has a direct effect on glycogenolysis in the liver.

The main most important function of the pancreas in the human body is the allocation of various hormones that promote the digestion of food and its assimilation.