The creators of Slavonic writing. Who created the Slavic script in the 9th century?
Not all people know what is celebrated on May 24, howeverit is even impossible to imagine what would become of us if this day in 863 turned out to be quite different and the writers of writing abandoned their labors.
Who created the Slavic script in the 9th century? It was Cyril and Methodius, and this event happened on May 24, 863, which led to the celebration of one of the most important events in the history of mankind. Now the Slavic peoples could use their own writing, and not borrow the languages of other peoples.
The creators of the Slavic writing - Cyril and Methodius?
The history of the development of Slavic writing is not so"Transparent", as it may seem at first sight, there are different opinions about its creators. There is an interesting fact that Cyril, even before he started working on the creation of the Slavic alphabet, was in Chersonese (today it is Crimea), from where he could take the sacred writings of the Gospel or the Psalter, which already at that time were written exactly with the letters of the Slavic alphabet. This fact makes us wonder: who created the Slavonic writing, Cyril and Methodius really wrote the alphabet or took a ready-made job?
However, in addition, that Cyril brought the finishedalphabet from Chersonesos, there are other evidences that the creators of the Slavic writing were other people, who lived long before Cyril and Methodius.
Arab sources of historical events say,that 23 years before Cyril and Methodius created the Slavic alphabet, namely in the 40s of the IX century, there were baptized people who had books written in the Slavic language in their hands. There is also another serious fact proving that the creation of the Slavic script took place even earlier than the date stated. The essence is that Pope Leo IV had a diploma issued before 863, which consisted precisely of the letters of the Slavic alphabet, and on the throne this figure was in the interval from 847 to 855 years of the IX century.
Another, but also an important fact of proofthe more ancient origin of the Slavonic script is in the statement of Catherine II, who during her reign wrote that the Slavs are more ancient people than it is commonly believed, and they have a written language since the days preceding the Nativity of Christ.
Evidence of the ancient Slavic language from other peoples
The creation of the Slavic script until 863can prove other facts that are present in the documents of other peoples living in ancient times and using other types of writing in due time. There are a lot of such sources, and they meet with a Persian historian named Ibn Fodlan, El Massoudi, as well as a few later creators in well-known works, where it is said that the Slavic script was formed before the Slavs had books.
The historian, who lived on the border of the 9th and 10th centuries,argued that the Slavic people are more ancient and more developed than the Romans, and as proof he cited some monuments that allow us to determine the antiquity of the origin of the Slavic people and their written language.
And the last fact that can seriously affecton the course of people's thoughts in the search for an answer to the question of who created the Slavic script, are coins with different letters of the Russian alphabet, dated by earlier dates than the year 863, and located on the territories of such European countries as England, Scandinavia, Denmark and others.
Refutation of the ancient origin of the Slavonic script
Proposed creators of the Slavonic scripta little "missed" with one: they left no books and documents written in this ancient language. However, for many scientists it is enough that the Slavic script is present on various stones, rocks, weapons and household items that were used by the ancient inhabitants in their daily life.
Many scientists worked on the study of historicalachievements in the writing of the Slavs, but a senior researcher named Grinevich could reach almost the very source, and his work allowed the decipherment of any text written in the Old Slavonic language.
The work of Grinevich in the study of the Slavonic script
In order to understand the writing of the ancientsSlavs, Grinevich had to do a great job, during which he found that it was not based on letters, but had a more complex system that worked at the expense of syllables. The scientist himself absolutely believed that the formation of the Slavic alphabet began 7,000 years ago.
The signs of the Slavonic alphabet had a different basis, and after grouping all the symbols Grinevich identified four categories: linear, separating symbols, graphic and restrictive signs.
For research, Grinevich used about 150 different inscriptions that were present on all sorts of subjects, and all his achievements were based on decoding precisely these symbols.
Grinevich in the course of research found that historySlavic writing is older, and the ancient Slavs used 74 characters. However, there are too many letters for the alphabet, and if we talk about whole words, then in their language there can not be only 74. These reflections led the researcher to the idea that in the alphabet the Slavs used syllables instead of letters.
Example: "horse" - syllable "lo"
His approach made it possible to decipher the inscriptions on which many scientists fought and could not understand what they meant. And it turned out that everything is quite simple:
- Pot, which was found near Ryazan, had an inscription - an instruction where it was said that it should be put in the oven and closed.
- The sinker, which was found near the Troitsk city, had a simple inscription: "It weighs 2 ounces."
All the above-mentioned proofs completely refute the fact that the creators of the Slavonic script are Cyril and Methodius, and prove the antiquity of our language.
Slavic runes in the creation of the Slavonic script
The one who created the Slavic script, wasrather intelligent and brave person, because such an idea at that time could ruin the creator at the expense of the ignorance of all other people. But aside from the letter, other variants of dissemination were also invented for informing people - the Slavic runes.
Total in the world found 18 runes that are presenton a large number of various ceramics, stone statues and other artifacts. An example would be ceramic products from the village of Lepesovka, located in the southern Volyn, as well as an earthen vessel in the village of Voyskovo. In addition to evidence located on the territory of Russia, there are monuments that are in Poland and were discovered in 1771. They also contain Slavic runes. We should not forget the temple of Radegast, located in Retre, where the walls are decorated with Slavic symbols. The last place, about which scientists have learned from Tithmar of Merseburg, is the fortress-temple and is located on an island called Rügen. There is a large number of idols, whose names are written using runes of Slavic origin.
Slavic writing. Cyril and Methodius as creators
The creation of writing is attributed to Cyril andMethodius, and in confirmation of this, historical data of the corresponding period of their life are given, which is described in some detail. They affect the meaning of their activities, as well as the reasons for working on the creation of new characters.
Cyril and Methodius to the creation of the alphabet led the conclusionthat other languages can not fully reflect the Slavic speech. This constraint is proved by the works of the black-faced Khrabr, in which it is noted that prior to the adoption of the Slavic alphabet for general use, baptism was carried out either in Greek or in Latin, and already in those times it became clear that they could not reflect all the sounds that filled our speech .
Political influence on the Slavic alphabet
Politics began its influence on society from the very beginning of the birth of countries and religions, and it also put its hand to the Slavic alphabet, as well as to other aspects of people's life.
As described above, the service for the baptism of the Slavswere held either in Greek or in Latin, which allowed other churches to influence the minds and strengthen the idea of their dominant role in the heads of the Slavs.
Those countries where the liturgy was not heldGreek, and in Latin, received the strengthening of the influence of German priests on the faith of the people, but for the Byzantine church this was unacceptable, and she took a reciprocal step, instructing Cyril and Methodius to create writing, in which the service and sacred texts will be recorded.
Byzantine church reasoned correctlythe moment, and her plans were such that one who created Slavic writing based on the Greek alphabet would help to weaken the influence of the German church on all Slavic countries at the same time and at the same time help bring people closer to Byzantium. These actions can also be considered as dictated by self-interest.
Who created the Slavic script based onGreek alphabet? They created Cyril and Methodius, and for this work they were chosen by the Byzantine Church not by chance. Cyril grew up in the city of Soluni, which although was Greek, but about half of its inhabitants spoke fluent Slavic, and Cyril himself was well versed in it and also had an excellent memory.
Byzantium and its role
As to when the work on creatingSlavic writing, there are quite serious disputes, because May 24 is the official date, but there is a big gap in time in history that creates a discrepancy.
After Byzantium gave it a hardassignment, Cyril and Methodius began the development of Slavic writing and in 864 arrived in Moravia with the Slavic alphabet already prepared and the Gospel fully translated, where they recruited students for the school.
After receiving the assignment from the Byzantine churchCyril and Methodius are sent to Morvia. During their journey, they are engaged in writing an alphabet and translating the texts of the Gospel into the Slavic language, and upon arrival in the city they have in their hands ready works. However, the road to Moravia does not take so much time. It is possible that this time period allows you to create an alphabet, but it is simply impossible to translate the Gospel letters in such a short period of time, which speaks of the advance work on the Slavic language and translation of texts.
Cyril disease and his care
After three years of work in our own schoolSlavic Cyril writing abandons this case and leaves for Rome. This turn of events was caused by a disease. Cyril left everything for the peaceful death in Rome. Methodius, being alone, continues to pursue his goal and does not step back, although now it has become more difficult for him, because the Catholic Church has begun to understand the scale of the work done and is not enthusiastic about it. The Roman Church imposes bans on translations into the Slavic language and openly demonstrates its displeasure, but Methodius now has followers who help and continue his work.
Cyrillic and the verb - what marked the beginning of modern writing?
There are no confirmed facts that canto prove which of the writings originated earlier, and there is no exact information about who created the Slavic writing in Russia and to which of the two possible Cyril put his hand. Only one thing is known, but the most important thing is that the Cyrillic alphabet became the founder of the Russian alphabet today and only thanks to it can we write as we write now.
Cyrillic alphabet has 43 letters, andthat its creator, Cyril, proves the presence in it of 24 letters of the Greek alphabet. And the other 19 creator of the Cyrillic alphabet based on the Greek alphabet included only to reflect the complex sounds that were present only among the peoples who used the Slavic language to communicate.
Over time, the Cyrillic alphabettransformed, almost constantly influenced by it in order to simplify and improve. However, there were moments that at first hindered the letter, for example, the letter “e”, which is an analogue of the “e”, the letter “d” is an analogue of the “i”. Such letters at first made spelling difficult, but reflected the sounds corresponding to them.
The verb was, in fact, analogous to the Cyrillic andShe used 40 letters, and 39 of them were taken from the Cyrillic alphabet. The main difference of the verb is that it has a more rounded writing style and it is not inherent angularity, in contrast to the Cyrillic.
The missing alphabet (the verb), though notcaught on, but was intensively used by Slavs living in southern and western latitudes, and, depending on the location of the inhabitants, she had her own writing styles. The Slavs living in Bulgaria used the verb with a more rounded style to write, and the Croatian people used to write to an angular letter.
Despite the number of hypotheses and eventhe absurdity of some of them, each worthy of attention, and it is impossible to accurately answer who the creators of the Slavic script. The answers will be vague, with many flaws and flaws. And although there are many facts that refute the creation of writing by Cyril and Methodius, they were honored for their writings, which allowed the alphabet to spread and transform to its current form.
