Examples of professionalism in the literature and conversation. Words-professionalism in various fields of activity

Each profession has its own specifics not only insphere of activity, but also in the vocabulary. Terms, the names of tools, work actions - all this has its own definitions, understandable only by specialists. Progress marches the planet, and with the development of science, more and more new words appear. For example, it should be noted that for today in the field of electronics there are almost 60 thousand titles, and in the well-known dictionary of Ozhegov they are 3 thousand fewer. Otherwise, as a terminological explosion, this is not called.

Professionalism in Russian: place and meaning

First of all, we give a definition of this phenomenon. Industrial vocabulary is an autonomous language system, which is a collection of all scientific and technical concepts and titles. It has the most developed information function.

Special lexicon penetrates into the literarylanguage, which is absolutely inevitable, since narrowly specialized words may well become common for objective reasons. This includes the popularization of scientific knowledge, and raising the level of people's culture, and accessibility to modern communication technologies. For example, today everyone knows what is the apogee and perigee, nobody is surprised by the expression "soft landing" or by science selenology.

Literary language and vocabularyhave a common word-building basis, therefore, the reverse cycle can occur: a well-known concept is given a new meaning having a narrow specialization.

Communication of specialists, various scientific works, reports and production reports contain examples of professionalisms that have their own classification.

Linguistic concepts of special vocabulary

First of all, it is a term (from Latin -"border"). This is the name of a word or a word combination (in a different way - a linguistic sign), which corresponds to a special concept. It is the terms that enter the overwhelming majority of neologisms emerging in recent times. An example is the professionalism in medicine.

Thermosystem: its components are, in fact, all the same linguistic signs, but they have already evolved from functioning as isolated (single) definitions to a connection to an integral scientific theory.

Nomen (with the Latin "family name"). This is an independent category of vocabulary, denoting a single, visible object. For example, when they show us the device and say that it is an oscilloscope, we will always represent it exactly as soon as we hear this word. For non-specialists it is impossible to imagine another device that visualizes electrical fluctuations.

The most democratic concept of special vocabulary -it's professionalism. They were especially spread in colloquial speech, since most of them are unofficial synonyms of scientific concepts. Examples of professionalism can be found in explanatory dictionaries, in newspaper magazines, and in literary works, they often perform an expressively expressive function in these texts.

Classification of occurrence

There are three ways of forming special words:

- Actually lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, anglers from the verb "shkerit" (gutted fish) formed the name of the profession - "shakershik."

- Lexical and semantic. The emergence of professionalism by rethinking the already known word, that is, the appearance of a new meaning in it. For printers, the cap is not a headpiece, but a heading combining several publications. A pipe for a hunter stands for nothing but the tail of a fox.

- Lexical and word-building. Examples of professionalism that have arisen in this way, it is easy to determine, because for this use suffixes or addition of words. Everyone knows what a reserve (reserve mechanism or part of something) or glavred is the editor in chief.

Features of speech and special words

Despite the seeming limitation in use,professionalism is found in all styles of the Russian language. The dryness of the official business style is not surprising, so professionalism has a simple function of conveying the meaning of the statement.

As for scientific speech, here professionalism is used for several reasons:

- for better mastering of information through the imagery of special vocabulary;

- make it possible to quickly memorize the text due to the capacity of concepts;

- avoid tautology, putting on the place of terms examples of professionalism.

For publicistic and artistic styles, the use of special words occurs with the same functions:

- information;

- communicative (not only communication hero-hero, but also reader-author);

- Saving of speech efforts - professionalism always explains the term shorter;

- cognitive, forming cognitive interest.

Where do special words come from?

The main source of professionalism, beforeall, are originally Russian words that have undergone a semantic rethinking. They appear from the common vocabulary: thus, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire. The colloquial vocabulary of the vocabulary gives the name of the hammer handle - a killing, and the jargon suggested that the driver should be called "kimarit". Even the local dialects shared the definition for the big road - the big road.

Another source of special wordsis borrowing from other languages. The most common of them are professionalisms - examples of words in medicine. Whatever name you take, a solid Latin, except for the duck under the bed. Or, for example, a foreign typewriter with a form called a cliche, from which we only have the designation of a drawing made by it.

Any branch of production has objects that make up a system in which classes can be allocated. Both require certain names to be grouped into thematic groups.

On lexical-thematic groups

Professional names contain not only knowledge about the industry, but also the attitude of the speaker to the subject. From this point of view, they are objective (as a rule, these are nomenclature) and subjective:

- Expressing a negative or irony towards the subject itself. So, a faulty car for motorists is a coffin.

- Attitude directly to the name. This is how the bomber became a bomber in aviation.

- Even the quality of work can indicate professionalism. Examples of words in the construction of brickwork say: pustoshovka (little solution) or zavalinka (uneven wall).

All these thematic groups are in certain connections, and it is they that are crushing reality with the help of words.

On lexical and semantic groups

Professional words are united not only bythe presence of an emotional assessment of the subject or its name, but also to interact as possible. This concerns semantic relations: synonymy, homonymy, polysemy, metaphoricality. In this connection, the following groups can be distinguished:

- Words having an equivalent in commonvocabulary. Their meaning can be found by opening an explanatory dictionary. Professionalism of this order in the Russian language is very much: the mine - large inter-column spaces on the newspaper page.

Terminological synonyms. In different spheres, professionalism means the same thing. For example, in motorists, builders and machine builders scrap is called "pencil".

- Many-valued words. The word "Zhiguli", in addition to the generally known value of the car as a trademark, has an indication of a certain camshaft in engineering.

And finally about the jargon

Each profession has a number of words, phrases,Expressions that contain very vivid expression. This, as a rule, is an informal synonym for certain terms. They are used exclusively in oral speech when communicating with specialists and are called "professional jargon".

The specificity of this vocabulary makes speech incomprehensible fora person who is outside the sphere of activity. Many professional programmers have a touch of jargon: a teapot, a dog or a crib. They are more like argo - a social dialect, spread in a narrow professional or even antisocial environment. The function of this language is conspiratorial, it is only for "our own".

Conclusion

All that concerns professional vocabulary,jargon and even argo, it is necessary to constantly study, as this is a fairly large lexical layer, which can not be ignored, because it reflects the historical processes and development of society.