Great female scientists and their discoveries. A photo

At all times in the world there was an opinion thatthe female sex and science are incompatible things. However, women scientists, who contributed to the development of mankind at all stages of history, dispute such an unfair attitude.

Scientists of the Ancient World

Even when civilization was at the very beginningits heyday, the fairer sex in rare cases had the opportunity to engage in science. Most female scientists lived in ancient Greece, despite the strict patriarchy that reigned there.

The most famous representative of the scientificenvironment was Hypatia, who lived in this country in the late IV - early V century AD. e. She was the daughter of the famous scientist Theon of Alexandria, and therefore had access to education. In addition to the fact that she taught in Alexandria subjects such as philosophy, mathematics and astronomy, for which she wrote scientific works. Hypatia was also the inventor: she created such scientific adaptations as distiller, astrolabe and hydrometer.

Ancient female scientists lived in other countries. Up to our time, information has reached about Mary Prophetess, who lived in the 1st century AD. e. in Jerusalem. Being engaged in alchemy, following the example of the majority of scientists of the time, she made a tangible contribution to the development of modern chemistry. It is her own invention of a system for heating liquids on a steam bath and the first prototype of the distillation cube.

Discoveries made by women scientists

Despite the strict limitation in access toknowledge, representatives of the weaker sex continued to work on their inventions. Many scientific concepts, terms, as well as various adaptations that we use in the modern world, have been created by women scientists.

So, the first steps in programming belong tonamely the lady. The Lady of Augusta Ada Byron (1815-1851), the daughter of the famous poet, at the age of 17, invented three programs that demonstrated the analytical capabilities of a calculating machine. This was the beginning of programming. Her name is one of the programming languages ​​of ADA, in addition, the professional holiday representatives of this profession believe it is the birthday of this unusually intelligent girl - December 10.

Discussing the theme "The First Women-Scientists", one can not failto mention the bright representative of her time, Maria Curie (1867-1934). This is the first woman twice awarded the Nobel Prize, and the only scientist in the world to receive it in two different areas. She and her husband Pierre Curie, with whom they had not only a family but also a creative union, singled out the chemical element of polonium. In addition, it is they who own the discovery of radioactivity, for which they received the highest award in the field of physics. The next award, already in chemistry, Maria Curie earned herself, after the death of her husband, continuing hard work and singling out radium in pure form.

It was her idea to use it inmedicine for the treatment of scars and various tumors. When the First World War began, she first created X-ray machines, which could be transferred. In honor of the couple, the chemical element of the curie was subsequently named, as well as the unit of measurement of the Curie radioactivity.

List of great women

Hadie Lamarr (1913-2000)) - one of the most beautiful women in Hollywood, at the same time possessing undoubted intelligence and ingenuity. Being married against her will for Fritz Mandla, who was involved in the arms business, she fled from him to America, where she began her career as an actress. During the war, she showed interest in radio-controlled torpedoes and offered her assistance in developing the National Council of Inventors. Given the attitude to the female sex, officials did not want to deal with her. However, in view of the great popularity of the actress, they could not simply refuse her. Therefore, she was asked to help the council, selling a huge number of bonds. The ingenuity of Hadie helped her to collect more than 17 million. She announced that anyone who bought bonds worth not less than 25 thousand will receive a kiss from her. In 1942 she, together with composer George Anteyl, invented the theory of jumping heights. This opening was not appreciated, but in the modern world it is used everywhere: in mobile phones, Wi-Fi 802.11 and GPS.

Barbara McClintock (1902-1992)) - a great scientist, who first discovered the movement of genes. It was she who first described the ring chromosomes, which only after many years began to be used to explain genetic diseases. Her deserved Nobel Prize Barbara was only 30 years old, at the age of 81 years. By that time, a middle-aged woman - a great scientist - had told about her research and results to the whole world.

Scientists of Russia

The development of science in Russia is also impossible to imagine without women who have made a huge contribution to it.

Ermolieva Zinaida Vissarionovna (1898-1974)) - an outstanding microbiologist and epidemiologist. It was she who created antibiotics - medicines, without which it is impossible to imagine modern medicine. Surprisingly, in order to make its scientific discovery, a 24-year-old girl infected herself with a deadly disease - cholera. Knowing that if she can not find the medicine, then her days will be numbered, she could still cure herself. Much later, 20 years later, during the war, this elderly woman, a great scientist, saved the besieged Stalingrad from the cholera epidemic. After being awarded the Order of Lenin, and then the Stalin Prize, she invested all the remuneration received in the plane. Soon a fighter was flying across the sky, which bore the name of this amazing woman.

An enormous contribution to the development of anatomy was made by AnnaAdamovna Krausskaya (1854-1941). She received the title of professor without defending her dissertation and became the first woman in Russia to be awarded such an honorary scientific status.

Kovalevskaya Sofya Vasilyevna (1850-1891), a Russian mathematician and mechanic, made an equally significant contribution to science.

She has done a lot for these branches of science, butThe main discovery is research on the rotation of a heavy asymmetrical top. It is interesting that Sofya Vasilievna became the only lady at that time to receive the title of professor of higher mathematics in Northern Europe. By personal example, this wise Russian woman teaches that success and knowledge do not depend on sex.

Scientists of a world-famous name

Almost every country can boast of great women, thanks to which there have been significant changes in science.

Among the fair sex, owhich knows the whole world, sounds the name Rachel Louise Carson (1907-1964), a biologist closely involved in environmental issues. In 1962, this already elderly woman, a great scientist, developed an essay on the impact of pesticides on agriculture, which stirred the scientific world. Her book "Silent War" led to a fierce attack from the chemical industry, who spent a lot of money on ravaging Rachel. It was this book that prompted the creation of a multitude of social movements to protect the environment.

Charlotte Gilman (1860-1935)) - one of the founders of the feminist movement in the world. Thanks to her outstanding literary talent, she was able to draw public attention to the oppressed status of women.

Unrecognized research of women scientists

Public opinion persistently degraded andexaggerated the role of women. Research scientists ladies did not intend to stop, although they found on their way a lot of obstacles. In particular, the receipt of academic titles, unlike male colleagues, was given to them with great difficulty.

Studies of Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) in the field of DNA research were a great success, but they were never recognized in life.

Also, very few people know that the origins of the creationnuclear weapon was a representative of the weaker sex - Lisa Meitner (1878-1968). She split the nucleus of uranium and concluded that a chain reaction capable of producing a huge energy release.

The ability to create the most powerful weapons in the worldcaused a huge resonance in society. However, being a convinced pacifist, Lisa stopped her studies, refusing to make a bomb. The result was that her writings were not recognized, and her colleague Otto Gan received her Nobel Prize instead.

Discoveries of women scientists

It is difficult to overestimate the contribution that has been made inthe development of world science women scientists. At the root of many modern theories were the representatives of the weaker sex, whose names were often not made public. In addition to these achievements, women own such discoveries as:

• the first comet - Maria Mitchell (1847);
• common evolutionary roots of man with the monkey - Jane Goodall (1964);
• Periscope - Sarah Meter (1845);
• the muffler for the car - El Dolores Jones (1917);
• dishwasher - Josephine Garys Cochrane (1914);
• proofreader for misprints - Betty Graham (1956), and many others.

Contribution to world science

It is inconceivable to imagine science and its developmentthe most inscrutable representatives of the weaker sex who promoted it at all stages of human development. Women scientists of the world have contributed to such industries as:

• physics;
• chemistry;
• medicine;
• philosophy;
• literature.

Unfortunately, we did not get the names of all the ladies who worked for the benefit of mankind, however, it can be said with certainty that their work is worthy of respect.

Attitude towards women scientists in the modern world

Thanks to the fairer sex,who repeatedly proved their right to engage in science, modern society finally recognized the equality of the sexes. Today, men and women work side by side, continuing to work on the development of mankind. To get a degree or a reward for women does not seem impossible, but the way to such an attitude was long and complicated.

Clever women of the XX century

Famous women scientists work in our time.

Stern Lina Solomonovna, biochemist and physiologist, became the first woman admitted to the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Skorokhodova Olga Ivanovna - a middle-aged woman,major scientist. The work on the deaf-blind features is still being quoted in scientific circles. A talented defectologist, the only deaf-mute female scientist in the world.

Dobiash-Rozhdestvenskaya Olga Antonovna, a Russian and Soviet historian and writer, who became a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Ladigina-Kotts Nadezhda Nikolaevna - the first scientist zoopsychologist in Russia.

Pavlova Maria Vasilyevna, the first paleontologist.

Glagoleva-Arkadieva Alexandra Andreevna, a scientist-physicist. This lady became world famous and became a doctor of physical and mathematical sciences.

Lebedeva Olga Sergeevna, translator and linguist, who founded the Society of Oriental Studies, whose honorary chairman was later.

Lermontov, Julia Vsevolodovna, fully justified her famous name, however, in another area. She was the first female chemist to receive a doctorate.

Klado Tatyana Nikolaevna - the first woman aerologist in Russia and in the world.

Having become the first in their field, they have shown a worthy example to many. These women are rightfully proud of both the Fatherland and world science, appreciating the contribution they have made.

Conclusion

Despite the difficulties, women scientists persevereworked, proving their right to equality. And the progress that they made possible is difficult to overestimate. These cleverest women immortalized their names in perfect discoveries, becoming an example of fortitude and courage.