Own names. Declination of own names by case
Names, surnames and many others area fairly large category of nouns called proper names. Declination, that is, a change in numbers and cases, in this case can become quite a challenge. However, in Russian there are several rules for a variety of cases.
Own names
The newspaper Kommersant, Forbes magazine, AnastasiaLvivna Bondarchuk, Gennady Mkrtchyan, Batumi, Moscow, Beatles, Coca-Cola, the Hanukkah festival - all of the above, and many other things that were not mentioned - examples of proper nouns. They surround us everywhere, although this is not always so noticeable. Naturally, they have to be used both in oral and in written speech. And here there can be some difficulties if with names of the companies, groups, and also trade marks it is possible somehow to be turned out, with names it turns out not always.
The fact is that the declension of proper names forcases - this is not always a set of clear rules for each specific case, and difficult for the Russian-speaking ear name is not uncommon. In addition, due to the fact that these nouns are "personal" for each person and accompany him throughout his life, it can be offended by improper use, so it's worth to be more careful with cases. So, it is worthwhile to understand how the declension of proper nouns occurs. This will help if you do not avoid the mistake, then reduce its probability many times.
General case
In fact, not so different from the nominal names of their own. Declination by case also often coincides in its form. And it's easy to see by examples.
- Men's names ending with a consonantchange in case as well as similar nouns related to the second declension (castle): Ivan (castle) - Ivan (castle) - Ivan (castle) - Ivan (castle) - Ivan (castle) - about Ivan (about the castle). The difference, as is obvious, is only in the case of the accusative case, which also depends on such characteristics as animation.
- Simple female and male names with an ending onthe model of the first declination (fox) is adopted as a vowel: Anna (fox) - Anna (foxes) - Anna (fox) - Anna (fox) - Anna (fox) - Anna (fox). In this case there is complete coincidence.
- Soft consonant at the end and feminine givebasis to change by case name by the type of the third declination (mouse): Love (mouse) - Love (mouse) - Love (mouse) - Love (mouse) - Love (mouse) - about Love (about the mouse).
These two rules apply as usualRussian ears, and to rather exotic names, such as Zukhra, Leila, Ildar, Nail, Judith, etc. But this does not end with diversity, so it's quite easy to get confused and make mistakes.
Surnames and names on -th, -ya
Aglaya, Maria, Ilya, Pelagia and still a hugethe number of examples also usually does not cause difficulties - they accept the declension of nouns ending in the same letters, with the origin, as a rule, not of serious significance. With surnames with the same endings a little more difficult - some of them have their own forms, others change by the type of adjectives. So, it's easier to look at the names of your own names on specific examples:
- Maria Volkonskaya - Maria Volkonskaya - MariaVolkonskaya - Maria Volkonskaya - Maria Volkonskaya - about Maria Volkonskaya. If we compare it to common nouns with similar endings, it is obvious that there is a coincidence.
- Ilya Tolstoy - Ilya Tolstoy - Ilya Tolstoy - Ilya Tolstoy - Ilya Tolstoy - about Ilya Tolstoy. The same - similar nouns will tend similarly.
But there are exceptions, as a rule, Georgianorigin. Surnames such as Barclay, Gurtskaya, etc. do not bow, although they look as if they fall under this model. They do not change, regardless of whether a man or a woman wears them. You just need to remember this.
Surnames -a, -o, -i, consonants and a soft sign
Declination of proper nouns with respect to cases is,seems to be a completely inexhaustible topic, but it is not so. There are only a few cases, obeying any formalized rules. And they can be illustrated with examples of such names as Plevako, Dzhugashvili, Sedykh, Block, Gogol, Kuchma.
With the first three all very simple - they are inmodern language does not change under any circumstances, and names with the same structure will behave the same way. With the rest, everything is not so unambiguous, because depending on whether they are male or female, they will behave differently.
Nikolai Gogol, Irina Gogol - Nikolai Gogol, Irina Gogol - Nikolai Gogol, Irina Gogol - Nikolai Gogol, Irina Gogol - Nikolai Gogol, Irina Gogol - about Nikolai Gogol, about Irina Gogol.
Vladimir Kuchma, Elena Kuchma - Vladimir Kuchma, Elena Kuchma - Vladimir Kuchma, Elena Kuchma - Vladimir Kuchma, Elena Kuchma - Vladimir Kuchma, Elena Kuchma - about Vladimir Kuchma, about Elena Kuchma.
In the latest model, incidentally, quite clearlyThe tendency is not to incline the surname even in the case of a representative of the stronger sex. However, while the rules of the literary language change usually occurs.
Foreign proper names
The world does not stand still, and, obviously, globalizationit is simply impossible to stop. Languages interpenetrate one another, and Russian is no exception. For all its history and recently, in particular, it has filled with hundreds and thousands of new terms, and also adopted foreign names of its own. Among them are surnames, names of companies and firms and many other examples of different origins. Some of them conditionally obey the rules of the Russian language, and some remain unchanged. And it can be very difficult to determine by eye.
- Theodore Roosevelt - Theodore Roosevelt - Theodore Roosevelt - Theodore Roosevelt - Theodore Roosevelt - about Theodore Roosevelt.
- Emil Zola - Emile Zola - Emile Zola - Emile Zola - Emile Zola - about Emile Zola.
Such surnames as Gogol, Herzen, and so on., also conventionally considered foreign, in terms of the Russian language, in fact, like Roosevelt. Nevertheless, the declension of the names of the masculine gender in this case occurs according to the general scheme. Obviously, this does not work with Zola, it can be explained by ending with a vowel.
Names and surnames in combination
Another subtlety is thatname the family. According to the current models it will be true: with Henry and Thomas Mann (but the brothers Mann), father and son Mandelshtam, but about the father and daughter of Zivers and the Cheyenus Schumann. "Female" element in this case changes the situation.
Strangely enough, the combination of a surname with a name and a patronymic can also look, if one of the parts is indeclinable. But it happens that this is not so:
- Jean-Paul Belmondo - Jean-Paul Belmondo - Jean-Paul Belmondo - Jean-Paul Belmondo - Jean-Paul Belmondo - about Jean-Paul Belmondo.
- Jules Verne - Jules Verne - Jules Vernoux - Jules Verne - Jules Verne - about Jules Vernet.
The latter especially suffers because the literary rules of declining the proper names in its relation are ignored.
Other cases
There are many more examples not mentioned in the previous paragraphs. Nevertheless, they should be considered:
- Double surnames. Change can be as all parts, and only one of them (Mamin-Sibiryak, Barclay de Tolly - Mamina-Sibiryaka, Barclay de Tolly).
- Eastern names proper. The deviation in this case will only account for the last part while keeping the others (Ban Ki-moon-Ban Ki-moon).
- Particularly worthwhile to be with homonymous surnames of different origins (Charlie Chaplin, Alexei Chaplin - Charlie Chaplin, Alexei Chaplin) - there is a fundamental difference in the declination model.
There are even more complex examples, but notit is possible to consider all names without exception. Declination in such cases can be a nontrivial task, especially if the gender identity of the bearer of a last name or a name is unknown. If there is an opportunity, it is better to learn from the person himself, and if not - to try to avoid changes in cases with the help of auxiliary constructions.
