"Including": do I need a comma or not? In which case do commas appear: punctuation rules

Members of the proposal that are of a natureadditional information, incidentally reported, in order to expand the content of the main statement, belong to the category of connecting. They are entered with the help of separate words, combinations or particles and are allocated on the letter with commas.

More about these words, or rather about specific examples of the use of some of them, we'll talk.

When a comma is placed near the union "including"

Including - this is an alliance that is used to clarify or supplement information by adding a new member of the proposal to those already available.

On the letter it should be remembered that the connecting turn (which includes the union "including") comma separates from the rest of the sentence. For example:

Today we have gathered all the guys, including Pavlik, to discuss the current situation.
This was known already everywhere, including in our town.

And that the joining member or turnover was considered isolated and required the separation from two sides with commas, it is necessary to pay attention to the meaning of the statement.

So, in the case when the seizure of turnover does not distort the structure of the proposal - it can be considered isolated:

In all his works, including and in this story, the author is surprisingly truthful and restrained (withdrawal of turnover is possible, therefore it is singled out with commas).

But in the case of the example: "In all, in that numbere and in this work the author skillfully transmits the reality ", the withdrawal will break the structure -" in all ... product ", and therefore, the turnover is not isolated.

Is a comma between the connecting traffic and the union "including"

Note that the union "including" isnot an introductory word, so it is not separated from both sides by commas. Moreover, if the conjunctions "a" or "u" are used before the named union, they form a single combination and do not separate the comma:

Everyone got what they deserved, and in that numbere Tolik.
Natasha liked to draw portraits, and including and from memory, but shy to show them to my friends (as you see, between the unions and the combination "including" the comma is not put).

But pay attention to one more detail - forcorrect application of the union "including" it is necessary that the proposal contains an indication of the whole, of which part will be added with the help of this union. Compare:

We had to question the people we met and shout loudly, calling for her, including and in the park (inadmissible construction, since before the union "including" there is no word with a generalized meaning);
We had to question the people in front of us and shout loudly, urging her everywhere, including and in the park (the correct construction, since in the sentence there is a generalizing word "everywhere", to which information is added).

How to put commas near the union "for example"

Often found on the letter is another mistake - an extra comma after the word "for example." Commas, by the way, in this case are put according to several general rules, which we now give.

If the word "for example" is before the connecting turn to which it relates, then the whole turnover is allocated with commas, and not with the word:

Some girls, eg Tanya, helped in cleaning the class.

If a turn including the word "for example" is allocated with dashes or brackets, then after "for example" commas are put:

Some girls (eg, Tanya) helped in cleaning the class.

If, for example, the word "for example" appears after the connecting member, then in this case it is allocated with commas on both sides:

Some girls helped in cleaning the class. Here is Tanya, eg, washed the desks.

After "for example" there can be a colon, in situations when it is after a word with a generalizing meaning before homogeneous terms:

Some fruits are dangerous to give allergy sufferers, eg: oranges, pineapples, as well as strawberries and other red berries.

If the mentioned word refers to the whole sentence or to its subordinate part (in case it is complex), then it is separated from two sides by commas:

And what will you do if, eg, we will meet hooligans?

This rule applies to turnover, including combinations of "in particular" or "for example" and the like.

About how the introductory words are allocated

Next, some introductory words will be considered, so it's worth remembering how they stand out on the letter.

Introductory words help clarify what has been said orto emphasize some part of it. They are always distinguished in oral speech by pauses, and in written - by commas. If such words are at the beginning of a sentence - a punctuation mark is placed after them, and if at the end - then before them, including a comma is needed, when the opening word appears in the middle of the sentence. Then it is distinguished from two sides.

How does the letter stand out "however"

The word "however" fulfills both the role of the opening word, and the union or interjection. Therefore, the selection of its commas depends on the role that it performs in this sentence and where it is located.

You should know that it never starts a sentence as an introductory word. If after him a separate turnover follows, then after "however" the comma is put:

but, looking around, he quickly figured out what to do next.

And in the middle of such a turnover it stands out from both sides:

He listened to the story, not quite, but, interesting, and carefully smiling.

When using the specified word as an interjection, after and before "however" the comma is necessary:

but, as you grew up during this time!

If "however" is used as a union at the beginning of a sentence, it is not separated by a comma, and when you connect parts of a complex sentence with it, the comma is placed before it:

but the sun we did not wait.
Petra was long asked to sing under the guitar, but he never agreed.

How to put commas at the word "please"

How will stand next to the word "please"commas, depends largely on the context in which it is used. If it is used as an introductory word, in order to attract the attention of the interlocutor or as a polite reference, it is allocated with commas on the rules common to this kind of words:

You are welcome, do not remember the flowers on the flower bed.
Tell me, you are welcome, how to get to Ivanova Street?
Sit down, you are welcome.

But there are situations in which next to the word"Please" the commas are not put. First, if it is used as a particle that has a value of "yes", and secondly, if "please" is included in the phrase:

Now you are welcome (that is, "yes"), and tomorrow nothing will work out (here the comma separates not "please", but stands before the union "a").
Say you are welcome, how things have changed around! (the emotional expression "please say" is allocated entirely, one word is not singled out).

How to put commas next to the word "therefore"

Reflecting on whether to stand before or after the word"Therefore" comma, it is necessary to pay attention to the situation in which the given adverb is used. Most often it is used as an analogue of the union in compound sentences with cause-effect meaning:

The sky was clouded, so everyone was waiting for the rain.
The cup leaned down treacherously, so a dark stain appeared on his shirt.
From the night frost hit, so the pavement has become covered with a crust of ice.

In such situations, a "comma" is placed before a "union", as in front of an alliance that connects two parts of a complex sentence.

By the way, this word is often confused with the introduction,singling it out with a comma on the letter, but it is part of a group of particles and adverbs that never refer to opening words, which means they do not need this allocation.

Summarize

If you think about how to stand out forletter connecting turns or opening words and whether, including a comma after the word "therefore", recall the nuances that allow to accurately place punctuation marks. For this:

pay attention to the context of the sentence;
remember that the introductory word, like the connecting line, is easily withdrawn from the sentence;
do not forget what words can not act as introductory words;
if the word is still introductory, apply the rules for selecting them on the letter;
and when using the adverb "therefore", remember the punctuation marks for parts of a complex sentence.