Expansion of the universe: the speed of the process

The universe is not static. This was confirmed by the studies of astronomer Edwin Hubble back in 1929, almost 90 years ago. This thought was followed by observations of the motion of galaxies. Another discovery of astrophysicists in the end of the twentieth century was the calculation of the expansion of the universe with acceleration.

How is called the expansion of the universe

Some are surprised to hear scientists call the expansion of the universe. This name is associated with the majority of the economy, with negative expectations.

Inflation is the process of expanding the universe right after its appearance, and with a sharp acceleration. In translation from English, "inflation" is "pumping", "inflating".

New doubts about the existence of dark energy as a factor in the theory of inflation of the universe are used by opponents of expansion theory.

Then the scientists proposed a map of black holes. The initial data differ from those obtained at a later stage:

1. Sixty thousand black holes with the distance between the farthest are more than eleven million light years - the data of four years ago.
2. One hundred and eighty thousand galaxies with black holes with a distance of thirteen million light years. Data received by scientists, including Russian nuclear physicists, in early 2017.

This information, say astrophysicists, does not contradict the classical model of the universe.

The speed of expansion of the universe is a task for cosmologists

The speed of expansion is reallya task for cosmologists and astronomers. True, the fact that the rate of expansion of the universe does not have a constant parameter, cosmologists no longer argue, the differences have shifted to another plane - when the expansion began to accelerate. Data on roaming in the spectrum of very distant supernovae of galaxies of the first type prove that expansion is not a sudden onset process.

Scientists believe that the first five billion years the universe has narrowed.

The first consequences of the Big Bang first provoked a powerful expansion, and then compression began. But the dark energy still influenced the growth of the universe. And with acceleration.

American scientists have started to create a mapdimensions of the universe for different epochs, to find out when acceleration began. Observing supernova explosions, as well as the direction of dark matter concentration in ancient galaxies, cosmologists noticed the features of acceleration.

Why the universe "accelerates"

Initially, it was assumed that in the map of the dimensions of the universe, the values ​​of the acceleration were not linear, but turned into a sinusoid. It was called the "wave of the Universe".

The wave of the Universe says that the acceleration is notIt went at a constant speed: it slowed down, it accelerated. And several times. Scientists believe that there were seven such processes for 13.81 billion years after the Big Bang.

However, cosmologists are not yet able to answer the questionabout what the acceleration-deceleration depends on. Assumptions boil down to the idea that the energy field, from which dark energy originates, is subordinated to the wave of the Universe. And, passing from one position to another, the universe then expands the acceleration, then slows it down.

Despite the convincing arguments, they still remain a theory. Astrophysicists hope that the information of the orbiting telescope "Plank" confirms the existence of the wave of the universe.

When they found the dark energy

For the first time it was talked about in the nineties because of supernova explosions. The nature of dark energy is unknown. Although still Albert Einstein singled out the cosmic constant in his theory of relativity.

In 1916, a hundred years ago, the Universewas considered unchanged. But the force of attraction intervened: the cosmic masses would invariably hit each other if the universe were immobile. Einstein declares gravity due to the cosmic repulsive force.

Georges Lemaitre will justify this through physics. The vacuum contains energy. Because of its oscillations, which lead to the appearance of particles and their further destruction, the energy acquires the force of repulsion.

When Hubble proved the expansion of the universe, Einstein called the cosmological constant nonsense.

Influence of dark energy

The universe moves apart at a constant speed. In 1998, the world presented data analysis of supernova explosions of the first type. It was proved that the universe is growing ever faster.

This is due to an unknown substance, itsnicknamed "dark energy." It turns out that it occupies almost 70% of the space of the universe. The essence, properties and nature of dark energy have not been studied, but its scientists are trying to find out whether it existed in other galaxies.

In 2016, calculated the exact speed of expansionfor the near future, but there was a discrepancy: the universe expands at a faster rate than previously suggested by astrophysicists. In the midst of scientists, disputes arose over the existence of dark energy and its influence on the speed of expansion of the limits of the universe.

Expansion of the universe occurs without dark energy

The theory of independence of the process of expanding the universe from dark energy was put forward by scientists in early 2017. They explain the expansion by changing the structure of the universe.

Scientists from Budapest and Hawaiiuniversities came to the conclusion that the mismatch of calculations and the real speed of expansion are associated with a change in the properties of space. Nobody took into account what happens to the model of the universe when expanding.

Doubting the existence of dark energy,scientists explain: the largest concentrates of matter in the universe affect its expansion. The rest of the content is evenly distributed. However, the fact remains unaccounted for.

To demonstrate the validity of theirassumptions, scientists proposed a model of the mini-universe. They presented it in the form of a set of bubbles and began calculating the growth parameters of each bubble at its own rate, depending on its mass.

Such a simulation of the universe has shown scientists that it can change without taking energy into account. And if you "mix" the dark energy, the model will not change, scientists believe.

In general, disputes are still going on. Supporters of dark energy say that it affects the expansion of the boundaries of the universe, the opponents stand on their own, claiming that the value of matter has a concentration.

The speed of expansion of the universe now

Scientists are convinced that the universe began to grow afterThe Big Bang. Then, almost fourteen billion years ago, it turned out that the speed of expansion of the universe is greater than the speed of light. And it continues to grow.

In the book "The Shortest History of Time" by Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinov, it is noted that the rate of expansion of the boundaries of the universe can not exceed 10% for a billion years.

To determine what is the speed of expansionUniverse, in the summer of 2016, the Nobel Prize winner Adam Riesz calculated the distance to the pulsating cepheids in close-to-each galaxies. These data allowed us to calculate the speed. It turned out that galaxies at a distance of not less than three million light-years can be retreated at a speed of almost 73 km / s.

The result was amazing: orbiting telescopes, the same "Plank", talked about 69 km / s. Why such a difference is fixed, scientists are unable to answer: they do not know anything about the origin of dark matter, which is based on the theory of expansion of the universe.

Dark radiation

Another factor of the "dispersal" of the universe was discoveredastronomers with the help of the Hubble. Dark radiation is thought to have appeared at the very beginning of the formation of the universe. Then more in it was energy, not matter.

Dark radiation "helped" the dark energy to expand the boundaries of the universe. The discrepancies in the determination of the rate of acceleration were due to the uncertainty of this radiation, scientists believe.

The further work of Hubble should make observations more precise.

Mysterious energy can destroy the universe

Scientists have been considering this scenario for several decades already, the data of the space observatory "Planck" say that this is far from being just speculations. They were published in 2013.

"Plank" measured the "echo" of the Big Bang, which appeared at the age of the universe about 380 thousand years, the temperature was 2,700 degrees. And the temperature changed. Plank also defined the "composition" of the universe:

• almost 5% - stars, cosmic dust, cosmic gas, galaxies;
• almost 27% - the mass of dark matter;
• about 70% - dark energy.

Physicist Robert Caldwell suggested that the darkenergy has a power that can grow. And this energy will disconnect space-time. The galaxy will be moving away in the next twenty to fifty billion years, the scientist believes. This process will occur with the growing expansion of the boundaries of the universe. This will tear the Milky Way away from the star, and it will also disintegrate.

The cosmos was measured about sixty million years ago. The sun will become a dwarf star, and the planets will separate from it. After the Earth explodes. In the next thirty minutes, space will break the atoms. The final is the destruction of the space-time structure.

Where the Milky Way "Flies"

Jerusalem's astronomers are convinced that the Milky WayThe path scored a maximum speed that is higher than the speed of expansion of the universe. Scientists attribute this to the aspiration of the Milky Way to the "Great Attractor", considered the largest cluster of galaxies. So the Milky Way leaves the cosmic desert.

Scientists use different methods to measure the rate of expansion of the universe, so there is no single result of this parameter.