Ordynsky way - regular tribute to the Golden Horde

Ordynsky way out is one of the most famousobligations that existed in Russia from the 13th to the 15th century. At this time, the peasants moaned under the weight of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, to which was added a tribute paid to the local princes. This was one of the most difficult periods in the life of the Russian people. Rus drowned in blood from the attacks of strangers and peasant uprisings.

The tribute payment system

At the beginning of the XIII century the Russian land was sprinkledblood, whole villages and cities burned. From the raids of the troops of the Golden Horde there was no escape, people of different classes and ages suffered. Rusichi only engaged in the fact that they rebuilt housing and strengthened settlements. But very soon the Mongols realized that it was unprofitable to attack settlements, since people are exhausted, poor, they can not harvest the harvest. That's when the Horde exit was introduced. Tribute is a constant, fixed income to the treasury, without having to attack anyone.

In 1257, a census of theThus, the Mongol-Tatars knew exactly which princedom they had to pay their dues. Tribute to the Golden Horde was collected from lands, families, plows, and people were also obliged to pay duties for beekeeping, fishing, hunting for birds and animals. The Ordyn military detachments followed order, as well as the Basques commanders, who collected tribute.

To whom did the service go?

The Ordynsky outlet operated on all the lands of the Russiansprincedoms, the duty was paid absolutely everything. The exception was representatives of the Byzantine Orthodox Church. It was explained very simply - the Horde was in friendly relations with Byzantium, and nobody was going to spoil them because of the desire for profit. In addition, the Orthodox Church taught people humility, and this was beneficial to the Mongol-Tatars. The believing peasants silently tolerated the presence of strangers in their territory, gave part of the crop without any complaints. After all, it is necessary to obey the conquerors, all the will of God ...

The amount of the tribute

The Horde output was going to be in money equivalent. Since at that time there was no monetary system in Russia, they introduced the Mongolian system. Many historians say that the duty in the Middle Ages for the Russian peasants was exorbitant, but are the Horde people to blame for this? Tribute in the beginning was called a tithe. Based on the name, it becomes clear that people had to pay 1/10 of their income.

From the surviving sources it is known that in 1275the Mongols took from the "plow" on a half-heave of silver, in 1384 - from the village in half a round, in 1408 - from the "plow" a half-ruble. It should be taken into account that the village and the "sokha", as well as the hryvnia and the ruble, are one and the same. From this it follows that during the XIII - XV centuries the size of tribute did not change. In addition, the Mongol-Tatars collected duties not annually, but once in 7 years. Of course, it was expensive, because during this time a decent amount of money was accumulated, but still the Mongols did not demand much and about 1.5% of the income.

Termination of payments

Despite the fact that a regular tribute, whichcollected in Rus for the Khan of the Golden Horde, in percentage terms was not so significant, the peasants at times remained completely without a crop and the means for existence. The reason was duties, additionally charged by local princes. People who did not have the opportunity to pay the specified amount were turned into slaves. Over time, the peasants began to rebel, the uprisings occurred in Rostov, Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Suzdal. Of course, they were suppressed, a lot of blood was spilled, but still the Horde abandoned the system of bashkah, and the collection of tribute was transferred to the shoulders of the princes. The payment of the Golden Horde obligations lasted until the 15th century. Then the princes even collected people from their tribute, but they did not take her to the khans, and John Vasilievich III stopped paying the Horde output altogether.