The reaction of the compound. Examples of Compound Reaction

Many processes without which it is impossibleTo represent our life (such as breathing, digestion, photosynthesis and the like) are associated with various chemical reactions of organic compounds (and inorganic). Let's look at their main types and we will go into more details on the process called connection (connection).

What is called a chemical reaction

First of all, it is worth giving a general definition of thisphenomenon. By the phrase under consideration, various reactions of substances of different complexity are meant, as a result of which different products are formed from the initial products. The substances involved in this process are referred to as "reagents".

On the letter, the chemical reaction of organiccompounds (and inorganic) is written using specialized equations. Outwardly they remind us a little of the mathematical examples of addition. However, the arrow ("→" or "⇆") is used instead of the sign ("="). In addition, there may sometimes be more substances on the right side of the equation than in the left. All that is before the arrow are substances before the reaction starts (the left side of the formula). All that is after it (right side) - the compounds formed as a result of the chemical process that has taken place.

As an example of a chemical equation, one can consider the reaction of decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen under the action of an electric current: 2H₂О → 2H₂↑ + About₂↑. Water is the starting reagent, and oxygen with hydrogen is products.

As one more, but more complexan example of the chemical reaction of compounds can be considered a phenomenon familiar to every hostess who at least once baked sweets. It is a question of extinguishing baking soda with the help of table vinegar. The action is illustrated by the following equation: NaHCO₃ +2 СН₃COOH → 2CH₃COONa + CO₂↑ + H₂A. It is clear from this that the sodium salt of acetic acid, water and carbon dioxide are formed during the interaction of sodium hydrogencarbonate and vinegar.

By its nature, chemical processes occupy an intermediate place between physical and nuclear.

Unlike the first, participating in chemicalthe reactions of the compound are capable of changing their composition. That is, from the atoms of one substance, several others can be formed, as in the aforementioned equation for the decomposition of water.

Unlike nuclear reactions, chemical reactions do not affect the nuclei of atoms of interacting substances.

What are the types of chemical processes

Distribution of reactions of compounds by species occurs according to different criteria:

• Reversibility / irreversibility.
• Presence / absence of catalyzing agents and processes.
• On the absorption / release of heat (endothermic / exothermic reaction).
• By the number of phases: homogeneous / heterogeneous and two hybrid varieties of them.
• By varying the degrees of oxidation of interacting substances.

Types of chemical processes in inorganic chemistry by the method of interaction

This criterion is special. With its help, four types of reactions are distinguished: compound, substitution, decomposition (cleavage), and exchange.

The name of each of them corresponds to the process,which she describes. That is, in the compound the substances are combined, in substitution - they are changed to other groups, several of them form in the decomposition from one reagent, and in the exchange the participants of the reaction vary among themselves by atoms.

Types of processes by the method of interaction in organic chemistry

Despite the great complexity, the reactions of organic compounds occur on the same principle as inorganic ones. However, they have several distinct names.

Thus, the compounds and decomposition reactions are called"Addition", as well as "splitting" (elimination) and directly organic decomposition (in this section of chemistry there are two types of cleavage processes).

Other reactions of organic compounds aresubstitution (name does not change), regrouping (exchange) and oxidation-reduction processes. Despite the similarity of the mechanisms of their flow, in organic they are more versatile.

The chemical reaction of compound

Having considered the different types of processes involving substances in organic and inorganic chemistry, it is worth dwelling in more detail precisely on the connection.

This reaction differs from all the others in that, regardless of the amount of reagents in its beginning, in the finale they all combine into one.

As an example, we can recall the process of quenching lime: CaO + H₂O → Ca (OH)₂. In this case, the reaction of compoundcalcium oxide (quicklime) with hydrogen oxide (water). As a result, calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) is formed and warm steam is released. By the way, this means that this process is really exothermic.

The reaction equation of compound

Schematically the process under consideration is possibleas follows: A + BV → ABC. In this formula ABC is a newly formed complex substance, A is a simple reagent, and BV is a variant of a complex compound.

It should be noted that this formula is also characteristic for the process of addition and connection.

Examples of the reaction under consideration are the interaction of sodium oxide and carbon dioxide (NaO₂ + CO₂↑ (t 450-550 ° C) → Na₂CO₃), and also oxide of sulfur with oxygen (2SO₂ + O₂↑ → 2SO₃).

Also, several compound compounds are capable of reacting with each other: AB + VH → ABHG. For example, all the same sodium oxide and hydrogen oxide: NaO₂ + H₂0 → 2NaOH.

Conditions for the reaction in inorganic compounds

As was shown in the previous equation, substances of varying degrees of complexity can enter into the interaction under consideration.

In this case, for simple reagents of inorganic origin, oxidation-reduction reactions of the compound (A + B → AB) are possible.

As an example, we can consider the process of obtaining ferric chloride. For this, the reaction of the compound between chlorine and ferum (iron) is carried out: 3Cl₂↑ + 2Fe → 2FeCl_3.

In the case of interaction of complex inorganic substances (AB + VG → ABHG), the processes in them can occur, both affecting and not affecting their valence.

As an illustration to this, one should consider the example of the formation of calcium hydrogen carbonate from carbon dioxide, hydrogene (water) oxide and white food coloring E170 (calcium carbonate): CO₂↑ + H₂O + CaCO₃ → Ca (CO₃)_2. In this case, the classical reaction of the compound takes place. When it is carried out, the valence of the reagents does not change.

A slightly more perfect (than the first) chemical equation 2FeCl₂ + Cl₂↑ → 2FeCl₃ is an example of an oxidation-reduction process in the interaction of simple and complex inorganic reagents: gas (chlorine) and salt (ferric chloride).

Types of addition reactions in organic chemistry

As already indicated in the fourth paragraph, insubstances of organic origin, the reaction in question is referred to as "affiliation". As a rule, it involves complex substances with a double (or triple) bond.

For example, the reaction between dibromo and ethylene, leading to the formation of 1,2-dibromoethane: (C₂H₄) CH₂= CH₂ + Br₂ → (C₂H₄Br₂) BrCH₂ - CH₂Br. By the way, signs similar to equal and negative ("=" and "-"), in this equation show the connections between atoms of a complex substance. This is a feature of writing formulas of organic substances.

Depending on which of the compounds act as reagents, several varieties of the process of attachment are distinguished:

• Hydrogenation (add hydrogen molecules H on a multiple bond).
• Hydrohalogenation (hydrogen halide is attached).
• Halogenation (addition of Br halogens₂, Cl₂↑ and the like).
• Polymerization (formation from several low-molecular compounds of substances with high molecular weight).

Examples of the addition reaction (compound)

After listing the varieties of the process under consideration, it is worthwhile to learn in practice some examples of the reaction of the compound.

As an illustration of the hydrogenation, we can pay attention to the equation of interaction of propene with hydrogen, as a result of which propane will arise: (C₃H₆↑) CH₃-CH = CH₂↑ + H₂↑ → (C₃H₈↑) CH₃-CH₂-CH₃↑_.

In organic chemistry, the reaction of the compound (addition) can take place between hydrochloric acid (inorganic substance) and ethylene with the formation of chloroethane: (C₂H₄↑) CH₂= CH₂↑ + HCl → CH₃- CH₂-Cl (C₂H₅Cl). The presented equation is an example of hydrohalogenation.

With respect to halogenation, it can be illustrated by the reaction between dichloro and ethylene leading to the formation of 1,2-dichloroethane: (C₂H₄↑) CH₂= CH₂ + Cl₂↑ → (C₂H₄Cl₂) ClCH₂-CH₂Cl.

A lot of useful substances are formedthanks to organic chemistry. The reaction of the compound (attachment) of ethylene molecules with the radical initiator of polymerization under the influence of ultraviolet is confirmed by this: n CH₂ = CH₂ (R and UV light) → (-CH₂-CH₂-) n. The substance formed in this way is well known to every person under the name of polyethylene.

From this material are made different typespackages, bags, utensils, pipes, insulating substances and much more. A feature of this substance is the possibility of its recycling. Its popularity polyethylene due to the fact that it does not decompose, because of which environmentalists negatively regard it. However, in recent years, a method for safe disposal of polyethylene products has been found. For this, the material is treated with nitric acid (HNO₃). After that, certain types of bacteria are able to decompose this substance into harmless components.

The reaction of the compound (addition) plays an importantrole in nature and human life. In addition, it is often used by scientists in laboratories to synthesize new substances for various important studies.