Land ownership granted on the basis of service: the order and ownership of the property

Land has always been the subject of numerous disputesand conflicts. It was because of the fertile areas located in the mouths of large rivers that the first wars began. Later the feudal lords sought to cultivate more and more territories to their possessions, subordinating themselves and their inhabitants. Thus, they proved the fullness of their power. So appeared and strengthened the state. Thus, land ownership has always been one of the most important signs of wealth and power. This situation continues today.

The basic principles of land ownership in Russia

The time when everything was common for all memberssociety, lasted very short. Human nature is peculiar to want to enjoy the benefits of civilization alone and independently. Precisely because of this aspiration, land ownership began to form. What does this concept mean?

Land ownership in Russia is the possession of a site by a certain person (both physical and legal) on the basis of ownership, leasing, and so on.

During the reign of the kings, there were variouscategory of this concept. So, there was ecclesiastical, monastic, urban, landed property and, of course, private. Despite the fact that Russia was considered a patriarchal country, which reluctantly adopted best practices of foreign states, its system of distribution of territory was much more civilized than, for example, in Ethiopia. There, all the land was completely in the hands of the autocrat, who in some way rented it to his subjects. All taxes and taxes collected from it were accumulated in the state treasury.

The concept of patrimony

Approximately until the 15th century in our countrythere was one kind of private land ownership. It was patrimony. If we compare it with the land ownership provided on terms of service, the difference is undoubtedly there. The person disposed of the property on the basis of property rights and could transfer it to his descendants. Hereditary land ownership in Russia implied the creation within its boundaries of a certain administrative apparatus that controlled the collection of taxes and the organization of peasants' work.

The very origin of the word "patrimony" (paternal)property) implied its main feature - the possibility of transfer by inheritance. This form of land ownership was born in Kievan Rus. As a rule, the princes and noble members of the squad, as well as the boyars, became the owners. After the acceptance of Christianity by Russia, church patrimony also appeared.

During the political fragmentation of the statethis form of ownership became the basis of feudalism. The lands belonging to the princes were constantly expanded due to awards, ransoms and seizures of neighboring territories. This also led to a significant increase in the influence of the owners of fiefdoms on the political and economic life of Russia.

Land ownership granted on a duty basis: what is it?

In the 15th century, a local system emerged. It implied granting of land plots to persons serving for the benefit of the state. This was simultaneously a reward for conscientious fulfillment of official duties. At the discretion of the sovereign, the landed possession granted on the basis of service could be either temporary (that is, while a person works) or permanent (passed on to a person for life).

The estate is what?

In the middle of the 15th century a newform of land ownership. The estate is a special kind of property, possession of a site, the right to which was granted for the performance of military or public service. There were analogues of this concept in Europe. So, in Spain, the estate was called hacienda, and in Portugal - a hacienda.

In order to separate this form of landownership from others, for example, from the fiefdom, it is necessary to isolate its main features. These include:

• Personal nature. The estate was given to a specific person, and not assigned to a particular position.
• A temporary nature. The man owned the manor only during a certain period, which often ended with the termination of state or military service.
• Conditional character. The manor was issued to man not just so, but in exchange for the fact that he will perform certain duties in relation to the state.
• Inability to dispose of. A person could live on the grounds of an estate, carry out agricultural work there, hunt, etc. But he did not inherit land ownership granted on the basis of service, he did not inherit, sell or exchange rights. If the official was dismissed from his place of work, he was forced to leave the estate together with his property.

These are the main distinctive features of the estate.

Land tenure in modern Russia

In our time, much has changed. Now a citizen of the Russian Federation (and also any foreign person) can own a piece of land on the following grounds:

• property rights;
• the right to lifelong inheritable possession;
• right of lease;
• right of unlimited use.

This possibility is legislatively enshrined in the Constitution of Russia (Article 35).