Structural isomers are what

In this article we will talk about the structural isomers, the features of their structure and the types of isomerism. Let us examine in detail the very phenomenon of isomerism, and examples will also be given of using them in life.

The phenomenon of isomerism

Isomerism is a special phenomenon that predeterminesthe existence of chem. compounds, the same isomers, substances with identical compositions of atoms and molecular masses that differ only in the atomic arrangement in space or in their structure, which leads to a change and the acquisition by them of various, new properties. Structural isomers are substances formed as a result of such a change in the position of their atoms in space, which will be discussed in more detail below.

Speaking of isomerism, it is worth remembering the existence of such a process as isomerization, which is the process of transition of one isomer to another as a result of chem. transformations.

Types of isomerism

The isomerism of valence is a kind of isomer structure in which the transfer of the isomers themselves (one into another) is possible as a result of the redistribution of the valence bonds.

Position isomerism is a type of substance with an identical carbon skeleton, but a different position of the functional groups. A vivid example is the 2- and 4-acids of chlorobutane.

Interclass isomerism conceals its difference between isomers in the nature of functional groups.

Metamerism is the distribution of the position of atomscarbon between a certain number of carbon radicals, the molecule's heteroatom serves as a separator. This kind of isomerism is characteristic of amines, thiospheres, ethers, both simple and complex.

Isomerism of the carbon skeleton is a differencepositions of carbon atoms, or rather their order. For example: phenanthrene and anthracene have the general formula C14H10, but different types of redistribution of valence bonds.

Structural isomers

Structural isomers are substances havinga similar formula for the structure of matter, but differ according to the formula of the molecule. Structural isomers - a type of substances that are identical to each other in terms of quantitative and qualitative composition, but the order of atomic binding (chemical structure) is different.

Structural isomers are classified according to the type of isometric structure, the types of which are given above, in the item on types of isomerism.

The structural formula of the substance isomer hasa wide range of modifications. Some examples of isomerism are substances such as butanoic acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid, methyl propionate, dioxane, ethyl acetate, isopropyl formate have the same composition of all three types of atoms in the substance, but differ in the position of the atoms in the compound itself.

Another bright example of isomerism is the existence of pentane, neopentane and isopentane.

Names of isomers

As mentioned earlier, structural isomers aresubstances that have a similar formula for the structure of matter, but differ according to the formula of the molecule. Such compounds have a classification that corresponds to the features of their properties, the structure and position of atoms in the molecule of the isomer, differences in the number of functional groups, valence bonds, the presence of atoms of a certain element in the substance, etc. The names of structural isomers are obtained in various ways. Consider this for the example of 3-methylbutanol 1, as a representative of alcohols.

In the case of alcohols, when a name is obtainedalcohols all begin with the choice of the carbon chain, which is the dominant, numbering, the purpose of which is to assign the smallest possible number to the group of OH, taking into account the order. The name itself begins to be composed of a substituent in the carbon chain, followed by the name of the main chain, followed by the suffix -ol, and the figure indicates the carbon atom associated with the OH group.