The portable meaning of words is ... What is the portable meaning of a word? Words used in figurative meaning

Language is multifaceted and multifunctionalconcept. To determine its essence, it is necessary to carefully consider many questions. For example, the device language and the relationship of elements of its system, the influence of external factors and functions in human society.

Determining Portable Values

Everyone knows from the junior classes of the school,that the same words can be used differently in speech. The direct (main, basic) meaning is that which is correlated with objective reality. It does not depend on the context and the allegory. An example of this is the word "collapse". In medicine, it means a sudden and sudden drop in blood pressure, and in astronomy - the rapid contraction of stars under the influence of gravitational forces.

The portable meaning of words is their second meaning. It occurs when the name of a phenomenon is deliberately transferred to another in connection with the similarity of their functions, signs, etc. For example, the same "collapse" has a figurative meaning of the word. Examples relate to public life. So, in a figurative sense, "collapse" means destruction, the collapse of the unification of people as a result of the onset of a systemic crisis.

Scientific definition

In linguistics, the figurative meaning of words is theirsecondary derivative associated with the main meaning of metaphorical, metonymic dependence or any associative traits. In this case, it arises on the basis of logical, spatial, temporal and other correlations of concepts.

Application in speech

Words with a portable value are used whenthe name of those phenomena that are not an ordinary and permanent object for designation. They come close to other concepts of emerging associations, which are obvious to the speakers.

Words used in figurative meaning canpreserve imagery. For example, dirty insinuations or dirty thoughts. Such figurative meanings are given in explanatory dictionaries. These words differ from the metaphors invented by the writers.
However, in most cases, whentransfer of values, then imagery is lost. An example of this can serve as expressions such as the tip of the teapot and the knee of the pipe, the course of the clock and the tail of the carrot. In such cases, the decay of imagery in the lexical meaning of words occurs.

Changing the essence of a concept

The portable meaning of words can be fixed for any action, feature or object. As a result, it becomes a major or basic category. For example, the back of the book or the door handle.

Polysemy

The portable meaning of words is often a phenomenon,caused by their ambiguity. In scientific language it is called "Polysemia". Often a single word has more than one stable meaning. In addition, people who use the language, often there is a need to call a new phenomenon, which so far has no lexical designation. In this case, they use already familiar words.

Questions of polisemia are, as a rule, questionsnomination. In other words, the movement of things with the existing identity of the word. However, not all scientists agree with this. Some of them do not allow more than one word meaning. There is another opinion. Many scientists support the idea that the figurative meaning of words is their lexical meaning, realized in various variants.

For example, we say "red tomato". The adjective used in this case is a direct value. "Red" can be said about a person. In this case, it is meant that he blushed or blushed. Thus, a portable value can always be explained through a direct value. But to give an explanation of why red is called red, linguistics can not give. It's just what this color is called.

In polysemy there is also a phenomenon of disparityvalues. For example, the word "flare up" may mean that the object suddenly caught fire, and that the person flushed with shame, and that a quarrel suddenly arose, etc. Some of these expressions occur in the language more often. They immediately come to mind when a given word is mentioned. Others are only used in special situations and special combinations.

Between certain meanings of the word there are semantic connections, which make it understandable when different properties and objects are called identically.

Paths

The use of a word in figurative meaning canbe not only a stable fact of language. Such use is sometimes limited, fleeting and carried out within the framework of only one statement. In this case, the goal of exaggeration and expressiveness of the above is achieved.

Thus, there is an unstableportable meaning of a word. Examples of this use are in poetry and literature. For these genres this is an effective artistic technique. For example, Blok can recall "the deserted eyes of wagons" or "dust swallowed the rain in pills". What is the portable meaning of a word in this case? This is evidence of his unlimited ability to explain new concepts.

The emergence of portable meanings of words of a literary-stylistic type is also a path. In other words, figurative expressions.

Metaphor

In philology, a number of different typestransfer of names. One of the most important among them is a metaphor. With its help, the name of one phenomenon is transferred to another. And this is possible only if certain characteristics are similar. The similarity can be external (by color, size, character, form and movements), as well as internal (by assessment, sensations and impressions). So, with the help of metaphor, they speak of black thoughts and an acidic face, a receding storm and a cold reception. In this case, the thing is replaced, and the sign of the concept remains unchanged.

Portable meaning of words with the help of metaphorholds for different degrees of similarity. An example of this is the duck (adaptation in medicine) and the tractor caterpillar. Here, the transfer is carried out using similar forms. A metaphorical meaning can also be given to names given to a person. For example, Hope, Love, Faith. Sometimes the transfer of values ​​is carried out in a manner similar to sounds. So, a whistle was called a siren.

Metonymy

This is also one of the most important types of transfertitles. However, when used, the similarities between internal and external features are not applied. Here there is a contiguity of cause-effect relationships or, in other words, the contact of things in time or in space.

Metonymic, portable meaning of words is a change not only of the subject, but of the concept itself. If this phenomenon occurs, only the links of the neighboring links of the lexical chain can be explained.

Portable meanings of words can be based on associations with the material from which the object is made. For example, land (soil), table (food), etc.

Synecdoche

This concept means the transfer of any part to the whole. An example of this can serve as the expression "a child follows the mother's skirt", "one hundred heads of cattle", etc.

Homonyms

This concept in philology means the identical sounds of two or more different words. Homonymy is the sound coincidence of lexical units that are not related semantically.

Distinguish between phonetic and grammatical homonyms. The first case concerns those words that are in the accusative or nominative case, they sound the same, but they have a different phoneme composition. For example, "rod" and "pond". Grammatical homonyms arise in cases when both in the phoneme and in pronunciation the words coincide, but separate forms of words are different. For example, the figure "three" and the verb "three". When the pronunciation changes, such words will not coincide. For example, "rub", "three", etc.

Synonyms

This concept refers to the words of the sameparts of speech that are the same or similar in their lexical meaning. In the sources of synonymy are foreign language and its lexical meanings, general literary and dialectal. There are such portable meanings of words and thanks to the jargon ("to shovel" - "to eat").

Synonyms are divided into species. Among them:

• Absolute, when the meanings of the words coincide ("octopus");
• conceptual, differing in shades of lexical meanings ("thinking" - "thinking");
• stylistic, which have differences in stylistic coloring ("sleep" - "sleep").

Antonyms

This concept refers to words related to one and the otherof the same part of speech, but having opposite concepts. This type of portable values ​​can have a different structure ("render" - "make") and different roots ("white" - "black").
Anthony is observed in those words thatexpress the contrasted direction of signs, states, actions and properties. The purpose of their use is the transfer of contrasts. This technique is often used in poetic and oratorical speech.