Lexical meaning is ... Lexical meaning of words

Vocabulary is a very important part of language science. She learns words and their meanings. It's no secret: the richer the language reserve of a person, the more beautiful and imaginative is his speech. Most new words can be gleaned from reading. Often it happens that a new word is found in a book or magazine, in this case a dictionary of lexical meanings will help, and it is also called an explanatory one. The most common - issued by VI Dalem and SI Ozhegov. It is they who are trusted by the modern science of language.

Vocabulary wealth of the Russian language

Language, including Russian, is a phenomenondeveloping. There are new cultures, inventions of science and technology, one civilization replaces another. Of course, all this is reflected in the language. Some words appear, some disappear. It is the vocabulary that reacts vividly to these changes. All this is the wealth of the language. K. Paustovsky gave a very colorful explanation of the totality of words, saying that each surrounding phenomenon or object has a corresponding "good" word, and even not one.

Scientists have proved that for one to understandit is enough for another person to have 4-5 thousand words in stock, but this is not enough for a beautiful, imaginative speech. The Russian language is one of the most beautiful, therefore it is necessary to use its wealth. And the knowledge of individual words with their interpretations is not enough (for this you can simply learn the dictionary of lexical meanings). It is much more important to know related words, their figurative meaning, to understand and use antonyms, to use homonymous units.

Lexical meaning of a word

The word is the most important unit of any language. It is from them that the combinations and subsequently the sentences that people communicate with each other are made up. How to distinguish one word from another? With the help of phonetic design. Also, lexical meaning will help in this. This separates the words. They can denote, for example, objects, people or living beings (table, teacher, wolf); natural phenomena (wind, frost), actions (run, watch), signs (beautiful, pink).

Over the course of centuries, words can change their lexical meaning. Take for example the word garden. Until the twentieth century, this word also denoted the garden. In modern times the same lexical meaning has changed: garden now it's a fenced place where vegetables are grown.

There are words in which lexical meaning is a certain image that is easy to imagine and portray: tree, cupboard, flower. In others, it is very abstract: love, grammar, music. The lexical meaning of the Russian language is generalized in explanatory dictionaries. There are several ways of interpreting words with the same meaning. For example, the way is the road. Some dictionaries offer a detailed explanation: way - a certain place in the space through which they move.

Why you need to know the lexical meaning

It is very important to know the lexical meaning - this will save you from some spelling mistakes. For example:

• Trying on wedding dresses is a tedious but pleasant process.
• It was always good to reconcile the enemies.

In the first example, the word "try on" is used in the sense of "fitting", so at the root it is necessary to write e. The second sentence deals with peace, so the letter and fundamentally.

Lexical meaning differs not only words, but also morphemes. So, the prefix at- is used when it comes to incompleteness of action, close proximity, approaching or joining; pre- in cases where the highest degree of something (amusing - very funny, but: to push in (attach), sit down (incompleteness), seaside (close to the sea).

There are also roots with different lexical meanings. These are such as -poppy- / -wet-; -equal- / -flat-. If the word means immersion in a liquid, it should be written -poppy- (dunk cookies in milk), another matter is the meaning of "skipping, absorbing liquid", in this case it is necessary to write -wet- (the feet got wet). Root -equal- should be written when it comes to equality (the equation); -flat- is used in the sense of something smooth, smooth (to straighten a bang).

Unambiguous and polysemantic words

The wealth of the words of the Russian language is made up of those units that have several or only one lexical meaning. These are single-valued and polysemantic words. The former have only one interpretation: birch, scalpel, Moscow, pizza. As can be seen from the examples, to the group of single-valuedwords include their own names, newly emerged or foreign words, also narrowly focused. These are all kinds of terms, the names of professions, the names of animals.

Much more in the language of many-valued words, that isthose that have several meanings. As a rule, interpretations unfold around a certain sign or meaning. The fact that the word is multi-valued will be explained by an explanatory dictionary. The values ​​of such tokens are listed below the digits. For an example, let's look at the word "earth". He has several interpretations:

1. One of the planets of the solar system.
2. Susha is an opposition to the concepts of "water" and "heaven."
3. The soil is a fertile layer that allows cultivating all kinds of crops.
4. A territory belonging to someone.
5. For some countries - a federative unit.

The direct and portable meaning of a word

All multi-valued words can containdirect or portable interpretation. If the task "Explain the lexical meaning of words" occurs, you need to look at the explanatory dictionary. There next to the value will be indicated whether it is direct or portable. The first is basic; the second was formed on the basis of the basic principle of similarity.

For example, consider the word "hat". The first, its main value is a headdress with fields of small size. On the basis of similarity, a figurative interpretation was formed: the upper part of an object, enlarged and flat, a mushroom or nail head.

It is portable values ​​that give speech a special imagery, on their basis created such trails as a metaphor (hidden comparison: sheaf of hair), metonymy (contiguity of signs: silver plate) and the synecdoche (a part is used instead of the whole: the peasant was actually a slave).

Sometimes there are cases when the language appearsonly a portable value, and to perform a task, such as "Define the lexical meaning of words," you will need not only an explanatory, but also an etymological dictionary. For example, it was with the adjective "red". Its direct meaning is "beautiful" preserved only in the ancient toponyms ("Red Square") or folklore (proverbs).

Homonyms

The meanings of words can be compared,to be contrasted. Studying such relations the program for 5-6 class. The lexical meaning of homonyms, synonyms and antonyms is very interesting. Consider all these kinds of words.

Homonyms are those words that are identical in pronunciation or spelling, but their meaning is completely different. So, words carnations (flowers) and carnations (pointed rods for bonding materials) are equally written and pronounced differently. Another example: spit - type of hairdo, and spit - agricultural implements. They can be homonymous and grammatical. So, in the phrases "flood the stove" and "bake pies". Word bake is a noun in the first case andverb in the second. Do not confuse the concept of homonymy and polysemy. The former does not imply any similarity between concepts, whereas the second is based on the principle of the similarity of a feature.

Synonyms

Synonyms - words with identical lexicalvalue. For example, the words "friend, friend, comrade, shirt-guy" have the value of a close, trusted person. However, synonyms still differ in shades of meaning. Friend, for example, denotes a particularly close person.

Synonyms have different stylistic colors. So, shirt-guy is used in colloquial speech. As a rule, synonyms are words of one part of speech, however they can be stable combinations. Knowledge of the phenomenon of synonymy helps to avoid spelling errors. So, to find out the correct spelling of a particle not with nouns or adjectives, it is necessary to follow the algorithm: "Define the lexical meaning and try to find a synonym without not: the enemy is the enemy".

Antonyms

Antonyms are words that differ in terms of lexical meaning: friend is an enemy; to go-to run; deep - shallow; up down. As we see, the phenomenon of antonymy is characteristic forany parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. The use of such words gives speech a special expressiveness, helps to convey to the listener or reader especially important thoughts, so very often the opposite in meaning words are found in folk sayings - proverbs. For example, "Softly steklet, but hard to sleep." In this case, "soft - hard" - antonyms.

As you can see, the Russian language is very diverse,therefore the topic of the interpretation of words has been studied for several years. In addition, she was taken to the main school exams, where, for example, the task "Explain the lexical meaning of words" or "Choose a synonym / antonym / homonym for a word" occurs, etc.