What is the debate in biology (in bacteria, fungi and plants)?

This is the name of a special kind of cells with a rather denseshell. What is controversy? They can be found in several categories of organisms: bacteria, fungi, plants. Their functions are different. If bacterial formation of these cells serves as a way to protect against adverse environmental conditions, the method of species conservation, then in plants and fungi - also for reproduction. About what disputes in biology are, and many other interesting things you will learn from our article.

In microorganisms

The very word "dispute" is of Greek origin, andit means "seed" or "sowing". What is the spores of bacteria? These microscopic organisms, like the most ancient inhabitants on Earth, had to protect themselves as much as possible from all sorts of cataclysms that occurred during all these times. And their nature has given an excellent safety margin, which has no analogues. Bacteria can withstand nitrogen freezing, they can live in hot geysers, where the temperature of the water reaches almost boiling. Some microbes also live in acid lakes and in hydrogen sulphide environments. They live and are high in the atmosphere, and deep in the soil, and under water, leaving bacteria spores everywhere. What does it mean? If the conditions for life are unfavorable, the bacterium does not die, but forms a certain form of its existence, called a dispute.

Saving a view

This change, a new form of the bodyAs a rule, it is caused by a lack of food, changes in temperature, changes in humidity. This, figuratively speaking, "insurance" bacteria, and in this form it can persist, be insured against extinction for many years. In different bacteria, spores look different. For example, in the hay bacillus they are in the center and do not exceed the diameter of the microorganism. In others, they exceed the diameter and are at the end of the cell. If the dispute is inside the bacterium (and the microorganism can form only one), then this is the endospore. The microbe that creates such a dispute is called sporangia. But it also happens that the dispute is covered with an additional protective shell, and the rest of the cell seems to die. In the new formation, the exchange process is suspended, there is practically no liquid, and matter is significantly reduced in volume, as if "drying up".

What are spores in mushrooms?

In the realm of mushrooms, which unite somesigns and plants, and animals, everything happens a little differently. Here, spores are formed mainly for the purpose of reproduction. What does "controversy" in mycology mean (science studying mushrooms)? On the earth there are, according to some scientists, more than a million species of mushrooms. They have become an integral part of the terrestrial, underground and aquatic ecosystems. How do mushrooms spread around the world with such speed?

And this is due to disputes,intended by nature for reproduction. The fungal spore contains one or more cells of a microscopic size. There are very few nutrients, the formation is a kind of concentrate. Disputes are very light, so they "travel" with the help of wind and water, with the participation of other living organisms. Many of them die while rare ones survive. Death is compensated by nature: the number of spores is huge. For example, champignons can form up to forty billion spores per hour! Once in sufficiently favorable conditions, the surviving spores germinate, give rise to a new mycelium of the fungus. There are data formations for asexual (mitospora) and sex (meiospore) reproduction. Their functions differ. The first are intended for mass settlement, increasing numbers in vegetative periods. And the second - rather, to improve the quality of reproduction.

In plants

What is controversy in the realm of flora? All plants, in one form or another, can form spores. This process is called sporogenesis. However, it is customary to call spores those plants that are technically propagated and propagated by these forms. This is mainly algae, ferns, mosses, mosses, horsetails. It is believed that in the evolutionary process (approximately 400 million years ago), higher plants emerged from green algae, which were multiplied by spores - rhinophytes. They are the progenitors of all the higher spore and seminal representatives of fauna that exist in the modern world.