Law on Fire Safety. Fire safety systems. Fire safety is ...

Fires cause great damage. In many cases, they are accompanied not only by the destruction of buildings, equipment, utilities, but also by the death of people. In connection with this, fire safety has become topical today. At the governmental level, the normative acts regulating this sphere have been adopted. Next, let us consider in more detail what fire safety of premises is, and what protection measures must be taken to prevent and eliminate fires.

General information

The purpose of fire protection is the searchthe most effective and economically feasible and technically sound means and methods for preventing and eliminating fires. The main task is to minimize damage with the most rational use of forces and methods of extinguishing. Fire safety - this is the state of the object, in which, first of all, the probability of ignition is excluded. In the event of its occurrence, the necessary measures are envisaged within the framework of the defense. The main goal pursued by fire safety is the elimination of the negative impact of dangerous ignition factors on people, material values and structures.

Normative base

The main legal act regulating the order, inaccording to which fire safety is established, is the Federal Law No.69. Legal regulation in this area is the adoption by the competent authorities of the relevant documents, the action of which is directed at the management of public relations relating to the provision of protection. The development of normative acts by the executive bodies is carried out in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. The subjects of the country have the right to create and approve within the limits of their competence documents whose provisions are aimed at ensuring and strengthening the protection of objects from fires. Any order or order on fire safety must comply with general federal requirements.

Development and implementation of measures

The Law on Fire Safety establishescertain requirements for protective measures. The development of measures is carried out in accordance with the regulatory framework in force in the country, as well as on the basis of experience in combating the consequences of fires, assessing the state of materials, substances, products, technological processes, structures, buildings and structures. The law "On Fire Safety" requires suppliers (manufacturers) to maintain appropriate technical documentation for products. In it, besides the description, there should be an instruction for use. In the technical characteristics of products it is necessary to indicate the fire safety class of the product. This is necessary for choosing the method of processing and transporting the products.

Competent authorities, developing systemsfire safety of facilities, should provide solutions through which people will be evacuated. This task should be implemented at the design stage. For all enterprises and institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, a fire safety plan must be developed. It should, among other things, include measures to ensure the protection of personnel and the population of nearby territories. Fire safety systems must be approved by state and local authorities.

Provision of fire protection in the enterprise

Fire safety is one of the maincharacteristics of the object. Based on it, the level of protection is assessed, as well as the effectiveness of the measures envisaged. To ensure protection, the territory of the enterprise, base, warehouse should be kept clean. After completion of the work, the area must be cleaned of combustible garbage, waste, packaging and other materials that can create a fire hazard. It must be systematically disposed of, taken to specially designated places.

The fire safety plan should provide forfree access to all structures, buildings, structural elements. Approach and travel to water sources should always be open. On the territory of the enterprise at night, lighting should work. It is forbidden to build fires, burn waste, packing materials and containers within the enterprise. Administrative, warehousing, production, trading and other premises should be provided with primary fire fighting equipment in accordance with existing standards. Smoking is prohibited in the warehouse and commercial premises. For this, special places must be provided. Devices for the protection of door and technological openings in the interfloor and internal walls must be in working order.

When crossing fire barriers differentcommunications to the gaps between building structures should not penetrate the products of combustion. Exterior ladders and fences on the roofs of structures must be in good condition. Wiping material is stored in special metal boxes with lockable lids. After performing the necessary work, the container should be freed from waste. Overalls of employees using paints, varnishes, oils must be kept in metal cabinets, which must be installed in special places. Local regulations shall establish the procedure in accordance with which the fire safety check is carried out.

Categories of objects

According to SNiP, the production is divided into 6 groups according to explosion, explosion and fire hazard:

And - the enterprises using combustible gases,lower level of ignition of which is up to 10%. Moreover, such substances can form explosive compounds in a volume of more than 5% of the volume of the room. Category A also includes enterprises that use gases and liquids that can burn and explode when interacting with oxygen, water or each other.
B - productions on which gases withlower level of ignition more than 10%. This category also includes enterprises where there are combustible fibers and dust with a lower concentration limit of ignition of 65 G / m³ and less.
B - production where combustibleliquids with a flash point of more than 610 degrees. This category includes enterprises that use solid materials that can burn without exploding when in contact with water, air, or with each other.
G - production, where they use non-combustible materials and compounds in the molten, red-hot or hot state, as well as gases, solids and liquids acting as fuel.
D - the enterprises in which the processing of non-combustible substances and raw materials in a cold state.
E - production, where explosives are usedsubstances in quantities of more than 5% of the volume of the room and where, in accordance with the conditions of the technological process, only an explosion without combustion can occur. This category also includes enterprises that use compounds that can explode when interacting with oxygen, water or with each other.

Zone categories

In accordance with the EMP, which governsdevice electrical equipment in industrial areas and in outdoor installations, the main criterion is the class of fire safety. At present, several categories of zones have been adopted. In particular, emit:

Class B. This category includes areas where explosive gases and vapors may form with air under normal operating conditions.
Class B-1a. In such areas, under normal operating conditions, explosive compounds are not formed, but this is possible in the event of malfunctions and accidents.
Fire safety class V-1b. It includes areas where there are combustible vapors and gases with a high lower level of ignition and a strong odor, as well as the production in which explosive compounds can form, the volume of which is more than 5% of the shop volume.
Class B-1B. This includes outdoor installations where explosive liquids, vapors and gases are located.
Class B-2. Combustible fibers and dust that can form explosive compounds under normal operating conditions are treated in zones of this category.
Class B-2a. It includes areas in which combustible fibers and dust can form explosive compounds in the event of a malfunction or accident.
Class P-1. This category includes production, which contains flammable liquids.
Class P-2. Combustible dusts are present in the production, the lower concentration limit of which is more than 65 G / m3.
Class P-2a. This category includes the production in which there are flammable substances in the solid state, not able to go into suspended.
Class P-3. This category includes installations that contain flammable liquid and solid compounds.

Fire safety on New Year's holidays

Halls in which mass events are held,must be located no higher than the second floor and have 2 exits. According to the rules, according to which fire safety must be ensured in a garden, school, other institution, it is necessary to place extinguishing equipment in accessible places. The Christmas tree should be installed on a stable stand. It is located away from heating devices and exits. Branches should not touch curtains, curtains and other flammable materials.

The order in which it is ensuredfire safety in preschool, school and other children's institutions, allows the use of factory-made electric garlands for decoration. All costumes, cotton wool, toys made of gauze must be treated with flame retardant. For its manufacture take 150 g of soda and 50 g of starch and dissolved in warm water (1 l). Garments and toys are soaked in it for 10 minutes, then dried.

The order in which it is ensuredfire safety in kindergartens, school and other children's institutions prohibits the use of combustible materials for the manufacture of Christmas decorations. It is not allowed to use fireworks, sparklers, candles, firecrackers during events. A particular threat is represented by long-standing, dry Christmas trees, which are made of synthetic material. When burning, they emit toxic compounds harmful to health.

Fire safety on New Year's holidaysprovided by the responsible persons of the institution. At the event must attend attendants from the administration. The main responsibility is the director of the institution. Before carrying out of actions the fire safety check should be carried out.

Mbop

To ensure the protection of property, health andlife of people in institutions, enterprises and in nearby areas, it is necessary to develop a fire safety plan. The document is subject to state examination. The check is subjected to a complete set, including diagrams, drawings, and other papers. Making a fire safety plan, it is advisable to seek help from competent professionals. When developing it is necessary to consider the features of the building structure and the order of its operation. MBRA consists of text and graphic parts. Consider them in more detail.

Text block

It contains:

Calculation of risk and safety measures.
A list and description of the places where the protective equipment is located, recommendations for its use and features of communication with all the structural elements of the building.
Object security category.
Description of the water supply devices outside the structure and indication of the ways for the entrance of the equipment.
Indication of the exact distance between areas, external objects, at which proper security is ensured.
Measures to create the necessary conditions for the elimination of ignition.
Solutions to ensure the protection of people in case of fire.
List of premises, facilities and equipment to which the automatic alarm is connected and which are subject to mandatory protection by extinguishing agents.

The grafical part

It contains:

Fire protection scheme.
Drawing plot with certain access roads for equipment and roads for exit from the territory.
Evacuation plan.

Features of compilation

The plan is formed in stages. The process of drafting the document should be controlled by an authorized person. As it, as a rule, the fire inspector acts. In accordance with the GOST, which regulates the development of the plan, the graphic part should be made as clear and simple as possible, since it is a visual aid. It should take into account even minor architectural nuances, features of ventilation systems, the passage of air flow, possible smoke areas. It is necessary to take into account any factors that could affect the course of the evacuation of people from the building. With particular care should be addressed the issue of mass clusters in narrow areas. These, in particular, include stairs, corridors, doorways. The density in these places should not exceed 9 people per square meter.

Security system

The purpose of its creation is, above all,fire prevention. At the same time, protection of people and property should be ensured during ignition. The fire safety system includes the following components:

Complex organizational and technical measures.
Fire Prevention Measures
Fire protection system.

Prevention measures for ignitionis a special complex that eliminates the probability of exceeding the permissible values of risk. Limits are set in accordance with the above Law "On Fire Safety". The complex of measures is aimed at preventing the threat and damage caused by fire. The elimination of the likelihood of a fire-hazardous situation is achieved by preventing a company, an institution, the formation of a combustible environment, or the conditions for the formation of ignition sources.

The purpose of the protection complex is to provideappropriate conditions for the prevention of negative effects or their restriction. This task is accomplished by reducing the dynamics of the growth of dangerous factors, evacuation measures and extinguishing. The fire protection system must be resistant to the negative effects of a fire during the period necessary to eliminate a state of emergency. In accordance with this, the equipment with the help of which the notification, detection and management of evacuation is carried out, must work in uninterrupted mode. At the same time alarm systems should be automatic.

Finally

Today, the country presented rather toughfire safety requirements in enterprises and institutions. Established rules allow proper protection of property and people. Fire safety violations can have serious and sometimes irreversible consequences. In this regard, the responsibility of officials, inspectors, and managers for the improper execution of regulations has been tightened.