Vegetative and reproductive organs of plants
Plants consist of such organs asvegetative and reproductive. Each of them is responsible for certain functions. Vegetative - for development and nutrition, and the reproductive organs of plants participate in reproduction. They include a flower, a seed and a fruit. They are responsible for the "birth" of the offspring.
Vegetative organs
The appearance of vegetative organs was associated with the need to obtain nutrients from the soil. These include:
- The root is the main organ of each plant growing in the ground.
- The escape.
- Stem.
- Leaves responsible for photosynthesis.
- The kidneys.
The root is characteristic for all plants, as it retains them and feeds them, extracting useful substances from the water. It is from him that the shoots come, on which the leaves grow.
When sowing seeds, sprout first. It is the main organ of the plant. After the root gets strength, there is a system of shoots. Then the stem is formed. On it are lateral shoots in the form of leaves and kidneys.
The stem supports the leaves and leads to them from the roots of nutrients. Also, he can store water in himself during the time of drought.
The leaves are responsible for photosynthesis and gas exchange. In some plants, they perform other functions, such as stock of substances or reproduction.
In the process of evolution, the organs are mutated. This enables plants to adapt and survive in nature. There are new species that are increasingly unique and unpretentious.
Root
The vegetative organ that holds the stem participates in the process of absorbing water and nutrients from the soil throughout the life of the plant.
It arose after the advent of sushi. The root helped plants adapt to changes on earth. In the modern world there are still rootless - moss and psilotoid.
In angiosperms, the development of the root begins with the embryo entering the ground. As development develops, a stable organ emerges from which the shoot escapes.
The root is protected by a sheath, which helps to get useful substances. This is due to its structure and the content of a large amount of starch.
Stem
The axial vegetative organ. The stem carries the leaves, buds and flowers. It is a conductor of nutrients from the root system to other organs of the plant. The stem of the herbaceous species is also capable of photosynthesis, like leaves.
It is capable of performing the following functions: storing and breeding. Stem structure is a cone. The epidermis, or tissue, is a primary plant in some plant species. In peduncles it is more friable, and shoots, for example, in sunflower, lamellar.
The function of photosynthesis is carried out because,that the stem consists of a chloroplast. This substance converts carbon dioxide and water into organic products. The stock of substances is due to starch, which is not consumed during the growth period.
It is interesting that in monocotyledonous plants the stem retains its structure throughout the life cycle. In dicots, it changes. This can be seen by cutting trees, where annual rings are formed.
Sheet
This is a lateral vegetative organ. Leaves differ in appearance, structure and functions. The organ participates in photosynthesis, gas exchange and transpiration.
The evolution of plants has led to the appearance of huntersspecies. Their leaves catch insects and feed on them. This organ in some species of plants turns into spines or antennae, thereby performing a protective function from animals.
The sheet has a base that connects it withstalk. Through it, nutrients enter the leaves. The base can grow in length or in width. After it grow stipules. The leaf has veins, which are divided into two types: open and closed.
The life span of this vegetative organ is small. Trees discard the leaves, since they contain the products of vital activity left after photosynthesis.
Vegetative reproduction
Each plant has its own life cycle. There are two types of reproduction with the help of vegetative organs:
- Natural.
- Artificial.
Natural reproduction is due to leaves, lashes, root tubers, rhizomes, bulbs.
Artificial reproduction:
- Divide the bush. The rhizome plants are divided into several parts and planted.
- The second way is the rooting of the cuttings. They can be not only root, but leaf and stem.
- On the parent plant, you can use the layers.
- Also the method of grafting is popular. This is when part of one plant is transferred to another.
Vegetative organs help in the same way as reproductive organs in reproduction. Plants play a big role in human life and nature. On the ground, they occupy a large enough space.
Function of reproductive organs
Their meaning in the structure of the flower providesreproduction of the species, protection of seeds and their further dispersal. Reproductive organs of angiosperms are a flower, a seed and a fruit. They gradually succeed each other.
A flower is a modified escape thatgradually changing shape. The seed that is inside, ripens and collects nutrients. After fertilization, it becomes a fetus. It consists of a multitude of seeds and a pericarp, which protects them from the external environment.
The vegetative and reproductive organs of plants always interact. Without each other, they can not perform their functions.
Flower
In nature everything is arranged so that the flowers liveyour cycle anew. As we have already said, the reproductive organs of a plant include a flower, a fruit and a seed. They are interconnected with each other to support life and give birth to new generations.
Such a plant reproductive organ, like a flower, is responsible for pollination, fertilization and seed formation. It is a shortened shoot that changes in the process of growth.
Consider what the flower is made from:
- Pedicel - the axial part.
- Cup. It consists of sepals and is located in the lower part of the inflorescence.
- Corolla. It is responsible for coloring the flower and consists of petals.
- Stamen. It produces pollen, which helps in pollination.
- Pestle. This is the place where pollen germinates.
Most often, inflorescences are formed. This is a group of several flowers. They are simple and complex, that is, with one pedicel or several. Their number can reach tens of thousands on one plant.
An inflorescence is a group of flowers. It is located at the ends of shoots, as well as branches of trees. Most inflorescence is formed from small flowers. They, in turn, are divided into simple and complex. The first have one axis, on which the flowers are located. The latter have lateral branches.
Common types of inflorescences:
- Brush - a bird cherry, a lily of the valley.
- Corn - in the corn.
- Basket - chamomile or dandelion.
- Umbrellas are for cherries.
- Shield - the pear.
Complex inflorescences are a few simple. Their origin is associated with the function of fertilization. The more the number of colors, the faster the pollen is transferred.
Fetus
Reproductive organs of plants in the first placeperform the function of reproduction. The fruit protects the seeds from their premature distribution. They are dry or juicy. Seeds are formed inside the fruit, gradually ripening. Some of them are equipped with devices that help spread, for example, a dandelion spreads to the wind.
The main types of fruits:
- Single-seeded with three layers - cherry, apricot, peach.
- Multi-seeded with pulp - grapes.
A dry multi-seed fetus happens with a septum - cabbage, and without it - peas. Oak has one seed.
Reproductive organs of flowering plants are arranged in such a way that seeds are distributed in several ways:
- On water.
- Through the air.
- With the help of animals.
- Self-disperse.
The organs are arranged so that the plants passthe process from the germination of roots to reproduction. Fruits have adapted to be carried by animals. This is provided by such adaptations as hooks, parachutes, color accents and a pleasant taste.
Seed
Knowing which plant organs belong toreproductive, you can understand exactly how they multiply. The seed reproduces the offspring and settles it for subsequent cultivation. It is made up of peel, embryo and nutrients from the stem.
The seed contains proteins, fats and carbohydrates. In fact, the embryo is the germ of the stem, root and leaves. It is the main part of the seed and happens with one or two cotyledons.
Seeds are also divided into several different types. In some, nutrients are in the endosperm, others do not have all the tissues for stocks.
Seed skin protects against the effects of the environment, wind and animals. After maturing, it helps to plant the plant. Some species store nutrients in the skin.
Seeds for humans and animals are food. Their significance on earth is high enough, as in the fetus. These plant organs participate in the life cycle of insects and animals, thereby providing them with food.
Higher plants
In the plant world, everything is arranged so thatorganisms were able to grow constantly. Higher plants have such organs as shoot and root. They differ in that the embryo appears in the process of fertilization.
Reproductive organs of higher plants, interacting with vegetative, change their life phases. They include four departments:
- Ferns grow in moist places. They include horsetails and plaunas. Their structure includes the root, stem and leaves.
- Bryophytes are an intermediate group. Their body is made up of tissue, but they do not have blood vessels. Live both in wet and dry soil. Moss reproduces not only by spores, but also by sexual and vegetative means.
- Gymnosperms. The most ancient plants. Most often referred to as coniferous trees and shrubs. They do not bloom, and their fruits form a cone with seeds inside.
- Angiosperms. The most common plants. They differ in that the seeds are safely hidden under the skin of the fetus. Reproduction occurs in several ways. They differ in that they have female and male genital organs in the structure.
All these plants grow and develop on the groundalready quite a long time. They differ from one another in the manner of reproduction and the presence of certain organs. However, it should be noted that vegetation has a great impact on human life.
Flowering plants
This species is the most numerous in the plant world. Flowering, or angiospermous plants, grew on the planet since ancient times. Ferns in the process of evolution were divided into many species.
The main reproductive organs of flowering plantsAre the seeds. They are protected by the fruit, which helps them to survive until they spread. It is interesting that this group of plants is the only one that can form multi-tiered communities. In turn, the flower divide into two subspecies: monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous.
The main difference between flowers is thatreproductive organs of plants - a flower, a fruit and a seed. Pollination occurs through wind, water, insects and animals. In the structure of the plant there is a female and male growth, and double fertilization also takes place.
The seed during the germination is saturated with water and swells,then the reserve substances are split and give energy for germination. A germ appears from the embryo, which later becomes a flower, a tree or grass.
Gymnosperms
This species appeared millions of years ago. Gymnosperms multiplied by spores, and seeds appeared in the process of evolution. In its structure, the fruit is a lump. The seed is located under the scales and is not protected.
In gymnosperms, reproductive organs can be of various kinds. Some have cones, others look like berries.
These include not only conifers, but alsodeciduous trees. In the deserts of Kenya, an amazing plant grows, which has only two large leaves. His cousin is ephedra. This gymnosperm plant, which has small round berries.
The process of pollination
As is known, the reproductive organs of a plant include a flower, a fruit and a seed. In order for the fertilization process to take place, pollination is necessary, which helps the appearance of offspring.
Angiosperms are fusedmale and female cells. This is due to cross-pollination. This is the process of transferring pollen from one flower to another. In some cases self-pollination occurs.
Assistants are needed for cross-pollination. First of all, it's insects. They sweeten the sweet pollen and carry it from flower to flower on their stigmas and wings. After this, the reproductive organs of plants begin their work. Flowers that are pollinated with the help of insects are painted in bright and juicy shades. After coloring, they are attracted by the fragrance. Insects feel the smell of a flower, being away from it at a sufficiently large distance.
Wind-pollinated plants are also equipped withspecial adaptations. Their anthers are fairly freely located, so the wind carries pollen. For example, a poplar blooms during the winds. This makes it possible to carry pollen from one tree to another without obstacles.
There are plants in which small birds help in pollination. Their flowers do not have a sharp aroma, but are equipped with a bright red coloration. This attracts birds to drink nectar, and at the same time there is pollination.
Evolution of plants
After the appearance of land, nature changed. Plants gradually evolved, and replaced by ferns came flowers, shrubs and trees. This was due to the appearance of the root system, tissues and cells.
Due to the diversity of the reproductive organs of angiosperms, more and more species and subspecies appeared. For the reproduction, spores and seeds began to appear in which the sex cells were located.
Gradually appeared shoots, leaves and fruits. After reaching the dry land, the plants developed in two directions. Some (gametophytic) had two phases of development, others (sporophytic) passed from one cycle to another.
Plants adapted and developed. Spore species began to reach 40-meter height. All the new reproductive organs of plants began to appear. Their evolution depended on the influence of the external environment.
Inside the seed, the embryo was formed, which after germination and sprouting germinated. Getting to the ground, he ate useful substances and turned into a sprout.
The evolution of the fertilization process led to the appearance of angiosperms, in which the seeds were protected by the fruit.
The importance of plants for humans
The use of the natural world for people is priceless. Plants not only emit gases, salts and water, but also turn inorganic substances into necessary for life. With the help of the root system, shoots and leaves, gas exchange takes place.
Green plants accumulate valuable organic substances, purify the air of carbon dioxide, while saturating it with oxygen.
Thanks to natural resources people get morevaluable products necessary for life. Plants become food for animals and humans. They are used to treat various diseases, in the production of cosmetics.
Since the reproductive organ of the plant isfruit and seed, they have become indispensable in human nutrition. Berries, which grow on bushes, like almost everything. Interestingly, coal and oil also originated from vegetation. Peatlands - this is the birth of algae and ferns.
Vegetative and reproductive organs of flowering plantsplants play an important role in their lives. They are responsible for nutrition, development and reproduction. When the life cycle ends, the seeds spread around and germinate new plants.
