International specialization of labor
The world economy requires harmonious developmentof each country. This is the key to the well-being and well-being of every person. Historically, different territories produce certain types of products. This allows them to exchange surpluses of their productions for goods that they have not produced, manufactured by other countries. So there is an equalization of resources on the planet.
International specialization of labor is a form of development of world economies, in which differentiation and separation of individual technological processes, sub-sectors and industries takes place in certain territories.
General concept
International division of labor - specialization separately taken states on the creation of certain types of services, goods, technologies, which are in demand by the world community.
In the process of developing trade relations betweencountries have developed three logical varieties of forms of this process. These include the general, individual and private division of labor. In the first case, there is an industry specialization. It is carried out by the industrial areas and economic sectors of the country.
Private division of labor occurs when developingspecialization on certain types of finished products or services. The single form of the presented process represents the preferential production of individual parts, components or assemblies. It is considered one of the most promising areas of development.
States participating in the international system of the division of labor can receive greater economic benefits to cover their own needs in tangible and intangible goods.
Historical development
Initially, the specialization of the international levelwas of a purely inter-branch nature. At the same time, the exchange took place between one main industry (industry) and the other (agriculture). This process was typical for the 70-80-ies of the XIX century.
Knowing this, try explain how the division of labor and specialization have acquired their present appearance. This is not at all difficult if we go deep into historical processes. Gradually the shift of specialization took place in the direction of intra-industry exchange. A big shift occurred in the 30s of last century. At this time, the exchange began to take place between one significant industry (for example, engineering) and another (for example, chemical production).
In the 70-80s of the XX century,Intra-industry specialization. Scientific and technological progress determined the peculiarities of trade. Technological and pozzular specialization was especially widespread. In developed countries with market economies, such products in exports are at least 40%.
Indicators of the level of development
International specialization of labor is determined by several basic indicators. The most common of these is the coefficient of development of the international division of labor. It shows the country's weight in world trade, which is compared with the share of the same state in the national income of all countries. If the indicator exceeds 1, this indicates a high (comparable to the average) participation of the country in world exchange processes.
To assess the participation of international specializationa whole system of indicators is applied. These include the coefficient of relative specialization of industrial production. It is obtained by comparing the relative weight of each commodity in foreign trade.
Also to the presented indicators is thecoefficient of the share of the country in the international turnover of components, parts. Further, the export quota and the range (assortment) of imported and exported goods are estimated.
Dividing countries into groups
From the first half of the twentieth century can be traced, The division of labor and the specialization of on the status of each state. As a result, all countries were divided into 3 separate groups. The first of these included countries that specialize in manufacturing products through the manufacturing industry. The second group included states, the main part of which was exporting the extractive industry. At the same time, a group of countries specializing in the cultivation of agricultural products stood out.
Currently, the fourth group is also singled out. It includes countries that supply the world market with the products of all three groups listed. These are developed countries, for example the USA, England, France, Canada, etc.
Specialization of countries in groups
Thanks to the established connections in the world market, a number of countries with a certain export orientation are singled out. Their division of labor allowed these states to supplyhigh-tech equipment, machines, machinery, household appliances and chemical components. For example, aircraft are produced and sold by the USA, France, Germany, Italy, and high-class cars - Japan, Sweden, Germany, the USA, etc.
The second group includes the states,whose territories are undergoing powerful mineral resource development. These countries are minimally processing such raw materials. This includes the oil producing regions of Africa, the Middle East, etc. Various minerals (coal, ore, gold, etc.) are sold to Sweden, Canada, Australia.
In the third group of countries that sell on the world market,market of purely agricultural products, hit the countries of Asia, Latin America and Africa. Such products can also be supplied to the world market by developed countries, for example, Canada, countries of Western Europe, Australia, etc.
Purpose of specialization
Stable development can be provided by international specialization. Productivity of labor each country can increaseconcentration of resources in the feasible directions of production of various products. Thus it is possible to achieve high quality of the goods on which the state specializes.
Such processes prevent the emergence ofsingle monoculture economy. Each country creates its own specific economic complex, the direction of its activities. However, a positive effect is possible only in economically developed countries. Developing national economies, on the contrary, in such conditions slide down to a narrow specialization, a monotonous focus of activity.
In this regard, international specialization shouldstimulate developing countries to establish a multi-sectoral structure of the economy. The leadership of these countries should choose the optimal ratio of industries. Although these settings are in reality difficult to implement.
Formation factors
The concept of specialization of labor is formed with the participation of a number of factors. Primarily, it affects the existing and projected for commissioning of production capacity, the number and quality of labor resources, their development.
The second factor that influences the development of specialization is the level of national income. Also here are the processes of accumulation and consumption within the economy of the state.
The next factor is climaticconditions, soil, minerals. We take into account the existing economic ties, their possible development. The more favorable factors are determined in a particular state, the more balanced is its participation in the specialization and division of labor at the international level.
Modern world specialization
Modern world specialization of labor was the result of many changes in theindustrial and agricultural activities of the international community. The main issues that have been solved by world production in the past few decades have been the pursuit of increased profits, a reduction in costs, and the search for cheap labor.
All these factors led to the creation of industries withhigh-tech production cycles. They offer the consumer in the world market a competitive, high-quality products. These industries are considered the main carriers of world specialization.
Each state is known for its directions in creating new products and services.
Specialization of the countries of the world
Modern specialization of labor has been defined in the last few years. It singled out a number of major suppliers of various high-tech equipment, goods and services on the world market.
Today, the main suppliers of cars and trucks are in the USA General Motors, Chrysler, Germany - Volkswagen, Opel, in France - Renault, Peugeot, in England - Rolls-Royce and and so forth.
Japan took the lead inmachine-building industry of world level. It is known for such brands as Mitsubishi, Toyota. Virtually all of these countries are leaders in the sales of electronic equipment. This shows the high influence of transnational companies on the structure of world production. Specialization of labor it is also subject to them.
